Research questions: 1. State the hypothesis that is being tested in this researc

Question

Research questions:

1. State the hypothesis that is being tested in this research study?

2. What is the experimental design that was used?

3. Which statistical tests are used?

4. What are the implications of this research?

Acute Consumption of Walnuts and Walnut Components Differentially Affect Postprandial Lipemia, Endothelial Function, Oxidative Stress, and Cholesterol Efflux in Humans with 1-4 Mild Hypercholesterolemia Claire E. Berryman,5 Jessica A. Grieger, Sheila G. West,5.6 Chung-Yen O. Chen, Jeffrey B. Blumberg,7 George H. Rothblat,8 Sandhya Sankaranarayanan,8 and Penny M. Kris-EthertonS* Department of Nutritional Sciences, and 'Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA; and 8Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA Abstract Walnut consumption improves cardiovascular disease risk; however, to our knowledge, the contribution of individual walnut components has not been assessed. This study evaluated the acute consumption of whole walnuts (85 g) separated nut skins (5.6 g), de-fatted nutmeat (34 g), and nut oil (51 g) on postprandial lipemia, endothelial function, and oxidative stress. Cholesterol efflux (ex vivo) was assessed in the whole walnut treatment only. A randomized, 4-period crossover trial was conducted in healthy overweight and obese adults (n = 15) with moderate hypercholesterolemia There was a treatment × time point interaction for triglycerides (P

Explanation / Answer

A. HYPOTHESIS TESTED IN THIS RESEARCH STUDY ARE: whole walnuts and walnut components affect postprandial lipid/lipoprotein responses, endothelial function, and oxidative stress.

B. Experimental design: a. Population study to be done along with taking the ethical issues in consideration.(endothelial function checked beforte feeding walnut and after fixed interval of time when fed with w3alnut)

b. Lipid profile checked

c.Ferric reducing antioxidant potential measured

   d.Plasma malondialdehyde measured

e.Endothelial function [RHI, Framingham RHI (fRHI), augmentation index (AI), AI normalized to a heart rate of 75 beats/min (AI_75)] was measured

f.Cholesterol efflux assayed.
3.Stastical tests: a. effects of treatment, time point, visit, and their interactions (i.e., treatment × time point and treatment × visit) on changes in metabolic and antioxidant outcomes following the test meal- using PROC MIXED

b.effects of treatment, visit, and their interaction on changes in endothelial function and heart rate outcomes following the test meal using PROCMIXED

c.AUC values were calculated with the trapezoidal rule, using the respective fasting baseline value as the line of reference

d.Correlational analysis (PROC CORR) also was performed in SAS to measure the association between time-matched variables by treatment group

4.IMPLICATIOS OF THE RESEARCH:  acute consumption of walnut oil favorably affects endothelial function compared with whole walnuts and walnut skins. frequent consumption of walnuts and/or walnut oil (which typically is how walnut products are consumed) may improve cardiovascular risk via mechanisms that extend beyond their established cholesterol-lowering action.

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