Research paper questions 1. Describe the rationale for the study. 2. What is the

Question

Research paper questions

1. Describe the rationale for the study.

2. What is the hypothesis that is used in the study?

3. Describe the experimental design that is used in the study?

4. What type of scientific evidence does this study provide? (e.g., mechanistic, safety, causal, correlational) explain

Changes in Erythrocyte Membrane Trans and Marine Fatty Acids between 1999 and 2006 in 1-3 Older Americans William S. Harris,4,5.9* James V. Pottala,4 Ramachandran S. Vasan,6,7 Martin G. Larson,6,8 and Sander J. Robins 6 Sanford Research, and Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; 'Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA; and 'Sections of Preve of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA e Medicine and Cardiol ogy, Departme f Medicine, School of Medicine, and "Department Abstract Over the last several years, national programs to lower the content of industrially produced (IP) C18:1 and C18:2 trans fatty acids in foods have been implemented, but whether this has resulted in lower blood trans fatty acid levels is unknown Likewise, an increased perception of the health benefits of fish oils rich in EPA and DHA may have resulted in an increase in consumption and blood levels of these fatty acids. To explore these issues, we analyzed the changes in RBC fatty acid composition between the 7th (1998-2001) and 8th (2005-2007) examination cycles in a random sample of the Framingham Offspring cohort. This was a retrospective cohort study of 291 participants from whom blood was drawn at both examinations and for whom complete covariate data were available. Overall, the proportion of trans fatty acids in RBC changed by-23% (95% CI:-26 to-21%). RBC EPA+DHA proportions increased by 41% (95% CI: 31 to 52%) in 38 individuals who were taking fish oil supplements at examination 8, but in 253 participants not taking fish oil, the proportion of RBC EPA+DHA did not change. In conclusion, in a random subsample of Framingham Offspring participants with serial observations over 6.7 y, the proportion of trans fatty acids in RBC decreased. Those of EPA+DHA increased in people taking fish oil supplements. These changes could potentially translate into a lower risk for cardiovascular disease. J. Nutr. 142: 1297-1303, 2012 Introduction docosapentaeonoic acid, and DHA] are derived almost exclu- The 2 types of dietary fatty acids that are likely to affect their sively from fish and fish oils (3). Both of these classes of fatty blood levels most are the trans and long-chain (n-3) fatty acids, acids have been associated with risk for cardiovascular disease: in great part because neither is synthesized to a large extent in beneficially with the (n-3) class (4) and adversely with industri- erive largely from ally produced trans-fatty acid (IP-trans) (5). The risk posed by partially hydrogenated vegetableruminant-produced trans-fatty acid (RP-trans) remains unclear vivo. Trans versions of C18:1 and C18:2 derive largely from industrially produced (IP)10, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (1). A small proportion (~20%) of the total trans fatty acid (6). Consequently, changes in blood/tissue levels of these fat intake comes from ruminant-produced (RP) fats (with trans ats (with trans acids may be expected to alter cardiovascular risk, either directly C16:1 as a marker) (2). The marine (n-3) fatty acids [EPA, or via changes in surrogate risk markers Beginning in the late 1990s, efforts to remove IP-trans fatty Supported by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI: R01 acids from the food supply were underway in the US (1) and HL089590) and by contract N01-HC-25195, the Framingham Heart Study other countries (7), most notably Denmark, where they were effectively banned in the early 2000s (8). The effects that these efforts have had on IP-trans fat intakes in the US are unknown due to the inability of major nutrient databases to keep abreast owner of OmegaQuant, LLC and an employee of Health Diagnostics Laboratory, of the constant changes in food composition. However, if blood Inc., both of which commercially offer blood fatty acid testing. J. V. Pottala, R. S.levels of IP-trans fatty acids decreased over the last decade, then would be reasonable to conclude that the national efforts to remove IP-trans fats from the food supply were at least somewhat successful, as suggested by a recent report from the (NHLBI) and Boston University School of Medicine Author disclosures: W.S.H. is a scientific advisor to companies with intere fatty acids, including Monsanto, Aker Biomarine, Neptune, Omth and GlaxoSmithKline, and was a speaker Amarin, the latter. In addition, he is the Va M. G and S. J. Robins, no conflicts of interest Supplemental Table 1 is available from the "Online Supporting Material the online posting of the article and from the same li contents at http://jn.nutrition.org the online table of Pr t affiliation Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA 23219 NHANES survey (9) Abbreviations used: HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; IP, industrially produced; IP-trans, industrially produced trans-fatty acid; omega-3 index, RBC EPA+DHA; to decrease trans fatty acids in the diet were growing, recommendations to increase the intake of the long ust as e RP, ruminant-produced; RP-trans, ruminant-produced trans-fatty acid chain (n-3) fatty acids were being made by the AHA (3) and other governmental agencies around the world (10). As with the To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bill@omegaquant com.

Explanation / Answer

1. It is well recognized that use of harmful fatty acids increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Several programs have been implemented to reduce industrially produced trans fatty acids in food but the knowledge of overall effect of this implementation is still absent. Because of the lack of this knowledge, it was difficult to evaluate the programmes or policies intended to address effect of fatty acids in food on cardiovascular diseases. To shed light on these issues, this study was carried out so that a comparison could be made between trans and marine fatty acids. The main aim was to provide foundation to ensure that the right fatty acids were picked and reduced instance of disease among people.

2. Hypothesis of the study- Fish oils rich in DHA and EPA cause health benefits by reducing harmful fatty acids such as trans fatty acids in blood.

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