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ID: 591570 • Letter: A
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Answer them with details asap.answer them with detailsPlease Answer all questions and no Hand writing (clear hand writing is fine).
Answer them with details asap.answer them with detailsPlease Answer all questions and no Hand writing (clear hand writing is fine).
1. Describe the major topics of physical chemistry and what you learned in the course Name the author of physical chemistry textbook you used. (10%) 2. Below is a list of five of the most important scientists. Describe the significance of their contributions to physical chemistry field. (20%) (1) Robert Boyle (January 25, 1627 - December 31, 1691) (2) James Prescott Joule (December 24, 1818- October 11, 1889) (3) Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (January 2, 1822 - August 24, 1888) (4) William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin (June 26, 1824 - December 17, 1907) (5) Johannes Diderik van der Waals (November 23, 1837 - March 8, 1923)
Explanation / Answer
2.
1) Robert Boyle is considered both the founder of modern chemistry and the greatest English scientist to live during the first thirty years of the existence of the Royal Society.He discovered Boyle’s Law – the first of the gas laws – relating the pressure of a gas to its volume; he established that electrical forces are transmitted through a vacuum, but sound is not; and he also stated that the movement of particles is responsible for heat. He was the first person to write specific experimental guidance for other scientists, telling them the importance of achieving reliable, repeatable results.
2) Born in 1818, James Prescott Joule came from a long line of brewers, so chemistry was in his blood –as was scientific experimentation. Joule's relationship with Kelvin led to the absolute zero scale which was a breakthrough in the temperature scale. This scale is now named absolute temperature. Joule also did work with Thompson to discover the kinetic theory. It made him one of the first scientists to give a number to the speed of molecules. This also has to do with gas particles having continuous random motion. Joule was a firm believer in the atomic theory because of his teacher John Dalton. All of Joule's hard work paid off eventually when the caloric theory of heat was thrown out, because what Joule had done had helped the natural process of science progress. Joule was also a firm believer in god even though he dealt with scientific works he devoted all of his work in this religious manner.
3) The Contributions by Rudolf Clausius In the fields of physics were of great importance for this science, for chemistry, for mathematics, and for science in general.Clausius is considered by many as one of the founders of thermodynamics.Clausius's focus was on the nature of molecular phenomena. From the study of these phenomena resulted the propositions that he himself formulated on the laws of thermodynamics.The work of Clausius on the individual molecules of the gases were determinants for the development of the kinetic theory of the gases.The main contribution of Clausius in this field was the development of a criterion to distinguish atoms and molecules, demonstrating that the gas molecules were complex bodies with constituent parts that move.Clausius developed what was called the mechanical theory of heat. This was one of his most important contributions to thermodynamics.The basis of this theory considered heat as a form of movement.This made it possible to understand that the amount of heat needed to heat and expand the volume of a gas depends on the way in which said temperature and volume change during the process.
4) His contributions to science included a major role in the development of the second law of thermodynamics; the absolute temperature scale (measured in kelvins); the dynamical theory of heat; the mathematical analysis of electricity and magnetism, including the basic ideas for the electromagnetic theory of light; the geophysical determination of the age of the Earth; and fundamental work in hydrodynamics. His theoretical work on submarine telegraphy and his inventions for use on submarine cables aided Britain in capturing a preeminent place in world communication during the 19th century.
5)
Johannes Diederik van der Waals, (born Nov. 23, 1837, Leiden, Neth.—died March 9, 1923, Amsterdam), Dutch physicist, winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize for Physics for his research on the gaseous and liquidstates of matter. His work made the study of temperatures near absolute zero possible.A self-educated man who took advantage of the opportunities offered by the University of Leiden, van der Waals first attracted notice in 1873 with his doctoral treatise “On the Continuity of the Liquid and Gaseous State,” for which he was awarded a doctorate. In pursuing his research, he knew that the ideal-gas law could be derived from the kinetic theory of gases if it could be assumed that gas molecules have zero volume and that there are no attractive forces between them. Taking into account that neither assumption is true, in 1881 he introduced into the law two parameters (representing size and attraction) and worked out a more exact formula, known as the van der Waals equation. Since the parameters were distinct for each gas, he continued his work and arrived at an equation (the law of corresponding states) that is the same for all substances.
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