This was suppose to be a team assignment for me, and my \"team mate totally ditc

Question

This was suppose to be a team assignment for me, and my "team mate totally ditched me. I need help in composing the following deliverables for an assignment. Since I was in the hospital for half this course I'm playing catch up and need serious help.

Request For Proposal

A solution-acquisition project plan covering the high-level activities of gathering requirements, producing a requirements specification document, and preparing and distributing a Request For Proposal (RFP) to data virtualization vendors and offshore outsourcing vendors.

Stakeholder Requirement Specification

A simple (3 pages maximum) Stakeholder Requirements Specification (StRS), as defined by Hoel, T., & Holtkamp, P. (2012). Requirements modeling in international information systems design - What competencies are needed and how to manage them? Proceedings Of The European Conference On Knowledge Management,1,466-475. - This I understand but guidance is appreciated.

Dataflow Diagrams

A set of data flow diagrams that describe the processes of capturing input data (including online reviews from websites, relevant tweets from Twitter, and the structured data from Boffo’s in-house laboratory), and the processes of integrating data from the input sources for use by Boffo’s research analysts. - I definitely need help on this because drawing these is confusing.

SWOT Analysis

A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis comparing and contrasting the risks, rewards, and readiness of my theoretical organization for each form of solution acquisition. - (1). Commercial data virtualization solutions installed in house (2) open source alternatives for adoption and customization in house (3) and the purchase of turnkey, custom-designed solution to be produced by offshore outsourcing vendors - I know what a SWOT Analysis is but I need help comparing and understanding the possible solutions presented.

Total Cost Of Ownership

A three-year Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) study prepared in an Excel spreadsheet. Consider the costs of initial acquisition, implementation, testing, training, change management, maintenance, and enhancement. Include human resource expenses, and storage and server costs for development, test, and production environments for work performed in house. - This is something I need a lot of help with as the concept is foreign to me.

Explanation / Answer

DEFINITION OF 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL - RFP'
A type of bidding solicitation in which a company or organization announces that funding is available for a particular project or program, and companies can place bids for the project's completion. The Request For Proposal (RFP) outlines the bidding process and contract terms, and provides guidance on how the bid should be formatted and presented. A RFP is typically open to a wide range of bidders, creating open competition between companies looking for work.

BREAKING DOWN 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL RFP'
A Request For Proposal for a specific program may require the company to review the bids not only examine their feasibility , but also the health of the bidding company and the ability of the bidder to actually do what is proposed. The RFP may provide detailed information on the project or program, but can leave leeway for the bidder to fill in the blanks with how the project would be completed or program run.

A request for proposal (RFP) is a document that an organization posts to elicit bids from potential vendors for a desired IT solution. The RFP specifies what the customer is looking for and establishes evaluation criteria for assessing proposals.

An RFP generally includes background on the issuing organization and its lines of business, a set of specifications that describe the sought-after solution, and evaluation criteria that disclose how proposals will be graded. RFPs may also include a statement of work, which describes the tasks to be performed by the winning bidder and a timeline for providing deliverables.

An RFP may be issued for a number of reasons. In some cases, the complexity of an IT project calls for a formal RFP. An organization can benefit from multiple bidders and perspectives when seeking an integrated solution calling for a mix of technologies, vendors and potential configurations. A business moving from a paper-based system to a computer-based system, for example, might request proposals for all the hardware, software, and user training required to establish and integrate the new system into the organization. A simple hardware upgrade, in contrast, may only involve issuing a request for quotation to a single vendor.

Some entities such as government agencies may be required to issue RFPs to provide full and open competition. An organization may also release an RFP to boost competition to drive down the cost of a solution. That said, a proposal accepted on the basis of being the most responsive to an RFP’s specifications may not always be the lowest-priced bid.

Stakeholder needs and requirements represent the views of those at the business or enterprise operations level—that is, of users, acquirers, customers, and other stakeholders as they relate to the problem (or opportunity), as a set of requirements for a solution that can provide the services needed by the stakeholders in a defined environment. Using enterprise-level life cycle concepts (see Business or Mission Analysis for details) as guidance, stakeholders are led through a structured process to elicit stakeholder needs (in the form of a refined set of system-level life-cycle concepts). Stakeholder needs are transformed into a defined set of Stakeholder Requirements, which may be documented in the form of a model, a document containing textual requirement statements or both.

Stakeholder requirements play major roles in systems engineering, as they:

Form the basis of system requirements activities.
Form the basis of system validation and stakeholder acceptance .
Act as a reference for integration and verification activities.
Serve as means of communication between the technical staff, management, finance department, and the stakeholder community.
This topic describes the definition of stakeholder needs and requirements which involves the activities necessary to elicit and prioritize the needs of the stakeholder, and transform those needs into a set of defined stakeholder requirements. Defining the problem or the issue to be solved, identifying the opportunity for developing a new solution, or improving a system-of-interest must begin prior to starting the activities necessary to define stakeholder needs and requirements. This means that an initial context of use of the new or modified mission, operation, or capability has already been characterized System requirements are considered in detail during system definition. None of the above can be considered complete until consistency between the two has been achieved, as demonstrated by traceability, for which a number of iterations may be needed.

Let’s look at it from the project stakeholders’ point of view. They told you the requirements, and you wrote them down. Then you went off to do some analysis for a few days or weeks, and when you returned and showed them what you had done, they said that it was either wrong or so different that they didn’t know what to do with your specifications. And you probably had more questions for them—questions that they had great difficulty answering.Things probably started to go wrong when you wrote the requirements down. If your notes were informal, and if you weren’t precise about confirming your understanding of what they told you, it’s likely that there was some miscommunication going on that you probably weren’t even aware of it. Then you went away to do your analysis. You did some research and deep thinking, learned a lot, and probably gained great insight into the business domain. But if your stakeholders didn’t share that process with you, their perception of the requirements won’t be the same as yours. And then you added the details, such as data descriptions and validation rules and GUI navigation—topics really needed by your designers—but in so much detail and from such a different perspective that it overwhelmed your subject matter experts.

DFD..
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system, modelling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a preliminary step to create an overview of the system, which can later be elaborated.[2] DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing (structured design).

A DFD shows what kind of information will be input to and output from the system, where the data will come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information about the timing of process or information about whether processes will operate in sequence or in paralle.
Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect costs of a product or system. It is a management accounting concept that can be used in full cost accounting or even ecological economics where it includes social costs.
Total Cost Of Ownership:

For manufacturing, as TCO is typically compared with doing business overseas, it goes beyond the initial manufacturing cycle time and cost to make parts. TCO includes a variety of cost of doing business items, for example, ship and re-ship, and opportunity costs, while it also considers incentives developed for an alternative approach. Incentives and other variables include tax credits, common language, expedited delivery, and customer-oriented supplier visits.

DEFINITION OF 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL - RFP'
A type of bidding solicitation in which a company or organization announces that funding is available for a particular project or program, and companies can place bids for the project's completion. The Request For Proposal (RFP) outlines the bidding process and contract terms, and provides guidance on how the bid should be formatted and presented. A RFP is typically open to a wide range of bidders, creating open competition between companies looking for work.

BREAKING DOWN 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL RFP'
A Request For Proposal for a specific program may require the company to review the bids not only examine their feasibility , but also the health of the bidding company and the ability of the bidder to actually do what is proposed. The RFP may provide detailed information on the project or program, but can leave leeway for the bidder to fill in the blanks with how the project would be completed or program run.

A request for proposal (RFP) is a document that an organization posts to elicit bids from potential vendors for a desired IT solution. The RFP specifies what the customer is looking for and establishes evaluation criteria for assessing proposals.

An RFP generally includes background on the issuing organization and its lines of business, a set of specifications that describe the sought-after solution, and evaluation criteria that disclose how proposals will be graded. RFPs may also include a statement of work, which describes the tasks to be performed by the winning bidder and a timeline for providing deliverables.

An RFP may be issued for a number of reasons. In some cases, the complexity of an IT project calls for a formal RFP. An organization can benefit from multiple bidders and perspectives when seeking an integrated solution calling for a mix of technologies, vendors and potential configurations. A business moving from a paper-based system to a computer-based system, for example, might request proposals for all the hardware, software, and user training required to establish and integrate the new system into the organization. A simple hardware upgrade, in contrast, may only involve issuing a request for quotation to a single vendor.

Some entities such as government agencies may be required to issue RFPs to provide full and open competition. An organization may also release an RFP to boost competition to drive down the cost of a solution. That said, a proposal accepted on the basis of being the most responsive to an RFP’s specifications may not always be the lowest-priced bid.

Stakeholder needs and requirements represent the views of those at the business or enterprise operations level—that is, of users, acquirers, customers, and other stakeholders as they relate to the problem (or opportunity), as a set of requirements for a solution that can provide the services needed by the stakeholders in a defined environment. Using enterprise-level life cycle concepts (see Business or Mission Analysis for details) as guidance, stakeholders are led through a structured process to elicit stakeholder needs (in the form of a refined set of system-level life-cycle concepts). Stakeholder needs are transformed into a defined set of Stakeholder Requirements, which may be documented in the form of a model, a document containing textual requirement statements or both.

Stakeholder requirements play major roles in systems engineering, as they:

Form the basis of system requirements activities.
Form the basis of system validation and stakeholder acceptance .
Act as a reference for integration and verification activities.
Serve as means of communication between the technical staff, management, finance department, and the stakeholder community.
This topic describes the definition of stakeholder needs and requirements which involves the activities necessary to elicit and prioritize the needs of the stakeholder, and transform those needs into a set of defined stakeholder requirements. Defining the problem or the issue to be solved, identifying the opportunity for developing a new solution, or improving a system-of-interest must begin prior to starting the activities necessary to define stakeholder needs and requirements. This means that an initial context of use of the new or modified mission, operation, or capability has already been characterized System requirements are considered in detail during system definition. None of the above can be considered complete until consistency between the two has been achieved, as demonstrated by traceability, for which a number of iterations may be needed.

Let’s look at it from the project stakeholders’ point of view. They told you the requirements, and you wrote them down. Then you went off to do some analysis for a few days or weeks, and when you returned and showed them what you had done, they said that it was either wrong or so different that they didn’t know what to do with your specifications. And you probably had more questions for them—questions that they had great difficulty answering.Things probably started to go wrong when you wrote the requirements down. If your notes were informal, and if you weren’t precise about confirming your understanding of what they told you, it’s likely that there was some miscommunication going on that you probably weren’t even aware of it. Then you went away to do your analysis. You did some research and deep thinking, learned a lot, and probably gained great insight into the business domain. But if your stakeholders didn’t share that process with you, their perception of the requirements won’t be the same as yours. And then you added the details, such as data descriptions and validation rules and GUI navigation—topics really needed by your designers—but in so much detail and from such a different perspective that it overwhelmed your subject matter experts.

DFD..
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system, modelling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a preliminary step to create an overview of the system, which can later be elaborated.[2] DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing (structured design).

A DFD shows what kind of information will be input to and output from the system, where the data will come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information about the timing of process or information about whether processes will operate in sequence or in paralle.
Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect costs of a product or system. It is a management accounting concept that can be used in full cost accounting or even ecological economics where it includes social costs.
Total Cost Of Ownership:

For manufacturing, as TCO is typically compared with doing business overseas, it goes beyond the initial manufacturing cycle time and cost to make parts. TCO includes a variety of cost of doing business items, for example, ship and re-ship, and opportunity costs, while it also considers incentives developed for an alternative approach. Incentives and other variables include tax credits, common language, expedited delivery, and customer-oriented supplier visits.DEFINITION OF 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL - RFP'
A type of bidding solicitation in which a company or organization announces that funding is available for a particular project or program, and companies can place bids for the project's completion. The Request For Proposal (RFP) outlines the bidding process and contract terms, and provides guidance on how the bid should be formatted and presented. A RFP is typically open to a wide range of bidders, creating open competition between companies looking for work.

BREAKING DOWN 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL RFP'
A Request For Proposal for a specific program may require the company to review the bids not only examine their feasibility , but also the health of the bidding company and the ability of the bidder to actually do what is proposed. The RFP may provide detailed information on the project or program, but can leave leeway for the bidder to fill in the blanks with how the project would be completed or program run.

A request for proposal (RFP) is a document that an organization posts to elicit bids from potential vendors for a desired IT solution. The RFP specifies what the customer is looking for and establishes evaluation criteria for assessing proposals.

An RFP generally includes background on the issuing organization and its lines of business, a set of specifications that describe the sought-after solution, and evaluation criteria that disclose how proposals will be graded. RFPs may also include a statement of work, which describes the tasks to be performed by the winning bidder and a timeline for providing deliverables.

An RFP may be issued for a number of reasons. In some cases, the complexity of an IT project calls for a formal RFP. An organization can benefit from multiple bidders and perspectives when seeking an integrated solution calling for a mix of technologies, vendors and potential configurations. A business moving from a paper-based system to a computer-based system, for example, might request proposals for all the hardware, software, and user training required to establish and integrate the new system into the organization. A simple hardware upgrade, in contrast, may only involve issuing a request for quotation to a single vendor.

Some entities such as government agencies may be required to issue RFPs to provide full and open competition. An organization may also release an RFP to boost competition to drive down the cost of a solution. That said, a proposal accepted on the basis of being the most responsive to an RFP’s specifications may not always be the lowest-priced bid.

Stakeholder needs and requirements represent the views of those at the business or enterprise operations level—that is, of users, acquirers, customers, and other stakeholders as they relate to the problem (or opportunity), as a set of requirements for a solution that can provide the services needed by the stakeholders in a defined environment. Using enterprise-level life cycle concepts (see Business or Mission Analysis for details) as guidance, stakeholders are led through a structured process to elicit stakeholder needs (in the form of a refined set of system-level life-cycle concepts). Stakeholder needs are transformed into a defined set of Stakeholder Requirements, which may be documented in the form of a model, a document containing textual requirement statements or both.

Stakeholder requirements play major roles in systems engineering, as they:

Form the basis of system requirements activities.
Form the basis of system validation and stakeholder acceptance .
Act as a reference for integration and verification activities.
Serve as means of communication between the technical staff, management, finance department, and the stakeholder community.
This topic describes the definition of stakeholder needs and requirements which involves the activities necessary to elicit and prioritize the needs of the stakeholder, and transform those needs into a set of defined stakeholder requirements. Defining the problem or the issue to be solved, identifying the opportunity for developing a new solution, or improving a system-of-interest must begin prior to starting the activities necessary to define stakeholder needs and requirements. This means that an initial context of use of the new or modified mission, operation, or capability has already been characterized System requirements are considered in detail during system definition. None of the above can be considered complete until consistency between the two has been achieved, as demonstrated by traceability, for which a number of iterations may be needed.

Let’s look at it from the project stakeholders’ point of view. They told you the requirements, and you wrote them down. Then you went off to do some analysis for a few days or weeks, and when you returned and showed them what you had done, they said that it was either wrong or so different that they didn’t know what to do with your specifications. And you probably had more questions for them—questions that they had great difficulty answering.Things probably started to go wrong when you wrote the requirements down. If your notes were informal, and if you weren’t precise about confirming your understanding of what they told you, it’s likely that there was some miscommunication going on that you probably weren’t even aware of it. Then you went away to do your analysis. You did some research and deep thinking, learned a lot, and probably gained great insight into the business domain. But if your stakeholders didn’t share that process with you, their perception of the requirements won’t be the same as yours. And then you added the details, such as data descriptions and validation rules and GUI navigation—topics really needed by your designers—but in so much detail and from such a different perspective that it overwhelmed your subject matter experts.

DFD..
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system, modelling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a preliminary step to create an overview of the system, which can later be elaborated.[2] DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing (structured design).

A DFD shows what kind of information will be input to and output from the system, where the data will come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information about the timing of process or information about whether processes will operate in sequence or in paralle.
Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect costs of a product or system. It is a management accounting concept that can be used in full cost accounting or even ecological economics where it includes social costs.
Total Cost Of Ownership:

For manufacturing, as TCO is typically compared with doing business overseas, it goes beyond the initial manufacturing cycle time and cost to make parts. TCO includes a variety of cost of doing business items, for example, ship and re-ship, and opportunity costs, while it also considers incentives developed for an alternative approach. Incentives and other variables include tax credits, common language, expedited delivery, and customer-oriented supplier visits.DEFINITION OF 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL - RFP'
A type of bidding solicitation in which a company or organization announces that funding is available for a particular project or program, and companies can place bids for the project's completion. The Request For Proposal (RFP) outlines the bidding process and contract terms, and provides guidance on how the bid should be formatted and presented. A RFP is typically open to a wide range of bidders, creating open competition between companies looking for work.

BREAKING DOWN 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL RFP'
A Request For Proposal for a specific program may require the company to review the bids not only examine their feasibility , but also the health of the bidding company and the ability of the bidder to actually do what is proposed. The RFP may provide detailed information on the project or program, but can leave leeway for the bidder to fill in the blanks with how the project would be completed or program run.

A request for proposal (RFP) is a document that an organization posts to elicit bids from potential vendors for a desired IT solution. The RFP specifies what the customer is looking for and establishes evaluation criteria for assessing proposals.

An RFP generally includes background on the issuing organization and its lines of business, a set of specifications that describe the sought-after solution, and evaluation criteria that disclose how proposals will be graded. RFPs may also include a statement of work, which describes the tasks to be performed by the winning bidder and a timeline for providing deliverables.

An RFP may be issued for a number of reasons. In some cases, the complexity of an IT project calls for a formal RFP. An organization can benefit from multiple bidders and perspectives when seeking an integrated solution calling for a mix of technologies, vendors and potential configurations. A business moving from a paper-based system to a computer-based system, for example, might request proposals for all the hardware, software, and user training required to establish and integrate the new system into the organization. A simple hardware upgrade, in contrast, may only involve issuing a request for quotation to a single vendor.

Some entities such as government agencies may be required to issue RFPs to provide full and open competition. An organization may also release an RFP to boost competition to drive down the cost of a solution. That said, a proposal accepted on the basis of being the most responsive to an RFP’s specifications may not always be the lowest-priced bid.

Stakeholder needs and requirements represent the views of those at the business or enterprise operations level—that is, of users, acquirers, customers, and other stakeholders as they relate to the problem (or opportunity), as a set of requirements for a solution that can provide the services needed by the stakeholders in a defined environment. Using enterprise-level life cycle concepts (see Business or Mission Analysis for details) as guidance, stakeholders are led through a structured process to elicit stakeholder needs (in the form of a refined set of system-level life-cycle concepts). Stakeholder needs are transformed into a defined set of Stakeholder Requirements, which may be documented in the form of a model, a document containing textual requirement statements or both.

Stakeholder requirements play major roles in systems engineering, as they:

Form the basis of system requirements activities.
Form the basis of system validation and stakeholder acceptance .
Act as a reference for integration and verification activities.
Serve as means of communication between the technical staff, management, finance department, and the stakeholder community.
This topic describes the definition of stakeholder needs and requirements which involves the activities necessary to elicit and prioritize the needs of the stakeholder, and transform those needs into a set of defined stakeholder requirements. Defining the problem or the issue to be solved, identifying the opportunity for developing a new solution, or improving a system-of-interest must begin prior to starting the activities necessary to define stakeholder needs and requirements. This means that an initial context of use of the new or modified mission, operation, or capability has already been characterized System requirements are considered in detail during system definition. None of the above can be considered complete until consistency between the two has been achieved, as demonstrated by traceability, for which a number of iterations may be needed.

Let’s look at it from the project stakeholders’ point of view. They told you the requirements, and you wrote them down. Then you went off to do some analysis for a few days or weeks, and when you returned and showed them what you had done, they said that it was either wrong or so different that they didn’t know what to do with your specifications. And you probably had more questions for them—questions that they had great difficulty answering.Things probably started to go wrong when you wrote the requirements down. If your notes were informal, and if you weren’t precise about confirming your understanding of what they told you, it’s likely that there was some miscommunication going on that you probably weren’t even aware of it. Then you went away to do your analysis. You did some research and deep thinking, learned a lot, and probably gained great insight into the business domain. But if your stakeholders didn’t share that process with you, their perception of the requirements won’t be the same as yours. And then you added the details, such as data descriptions and validation rules and GUI navigation—topics really needed by your designers—but in so much detail and from such a different perspective that it overwhelmed your subject matter experts.

DFD..
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system, modelling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a preliminary step to create an overview of the system, which can later be elaborated.[2] DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing (structured design).

A DFD shows what kind of information will be input to and output from the system, where the data will come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information about the timing of process or information about whether processes will operate in sequence or in paralle.
Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect costs of a product or system. It is a management accounting concept that can be used in full cost accounting or even ecological economics where it includes social costs.
Total Cost Of Ownership:

For manufacturing, as TCO is typically compared with doing business overseas, it goes beyond the initial manufacturing cycle time and cost to make parts. TCO includes a variety of cost of doing business items, for example, ship and re-ship, and opportunity costs, while it also considers incentives developed for an alternative approach. Incentives and other variables include tax credits, common language, expedited delivery, and customer-oriented supplier visits.DEFINITION OF 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL - RFP'
A type of bidding solicitation in which a company or organization announces that funding is available for a particular project or program, and companies can place bids for the project's completion. The Request For Proposal (RFP) outlines the bidding process and contract terms, and provides guidance on how the bid should be formatted and presented. A RFP is typically open to a wide range of bidders, creating open competition between companies looking for work.

BREAKING DOWN 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL RFP'
A Request For Proposal for a specific program may require the company to review the bids not only examine their feasibility , but also the health of the bidding company and the ability of the bidder to actually do what is proposed. The RFP may provide detailed information on the project or program, but can leave leeway for the bidder to fill in the blanks with how the project would be completed or program run.

A request for proposal (RFP) is a document that an organization posts to elicit bids from potential vendors for a desired IT solution. The RFP specifies what the customer is looking for and establishes evaluation criteria for assessing proposals.

An RFP generally includes background on the issuing organization and its lines of business, a set of specifications that describe the sought-after solution, and evaluation criteria that disclose how proposals will be graded. RFPs may also include a statement of work, which describes the tasks to be performed by the winning bidder and a timeline for providing deliverables.

An RFP may be issued for a number of reasons. In some cases, the complexity of an IT project calls for a formal RFP. An organization can benefit from multiple bidders and perspectives when seeking an integrated solution calling for a mix of technologies, vendors and potential configurations. A business moving from a paper-based system to a computer-based system, for example, might request proposals for all the hardware, software, and user training required to establish and integrate the new system into the organization. A simple hardware upgrade, in contrast, may only involve issuing a request for quotation to a single vendor.

Some entities such as government agencies may be required to issue RFPs to provide full and open competition. An organization may also release an RFP to boost competition to drive down the cost of a solution. That said, a proposal accepted on the basis of being the most responsive to an RFP’s specifications may not always be the lowest-priced bid.

Stakeholder needs and requirements represent the views of those at the business or enterprise operations level—that is, of users, acquirers, customers, and other stakeholders as they relate to the problem (or opportunity), as a set of requirements for a solution that can provide the services needed by the stakeholders in a defined environment. Using enterprise-level life cycle concepts (see Business or Mission Analysis for details) as guidance, stakeholders are led through a structured process to elicit stakeholder needs (in the form of a refined set of system-level life-cycle concepts). Stakeholder needs are transformed into a defined set of Stakeholder Requirements, which may be documented in the form of a model, a document containing textual requirement statements or both.

Stakeholder requirements play major roles in systems engineering, as they:

Form the basis of system requirements activities.
Form the basis of system validation and stakeholder acceptance .
Act as a reference for integration and verification activities.
Serve as means of communication between the technical staff, management, finance department, and the stakeholder community.
This topic describes the definition of stakeholder needs and requirements which involves the activities necessary to elicit and prioritize the needs of the stakeholder, and transform those needs into a set of defined stakeholder requirements. Defining the problem or the issue to be solved, identifying the opportunity for developing a new solution, or improving a system-of-interest must begin prior to starting the activities necessary to define stakeholder needs and requirements. This means that an initial context of use of the new or modified mission, operation, or capability has already been characterized System requirements are considered in detail during system definition. None of the above can be considered complete until consistency between the two has been achieved, as demonstrated by traceability, for which a number of iterations may be needed.

Let’s look at it from the project stakeholders’ point of view. They told you the requirements, and you wrote them down. Then you went off to do some analysis for a few days or weeks, and when you returned and showed them what you had done, they said that it was either wrong or so different that they didn’t know what to do with your specifications. And you probably had more questions for them—questions that they had great difficulty answering.Things probably started to go wrong when you wrote the requirements down. If your notes were informal, and if you weren’t precise about confirming your understanding of what they told you, it’s likely that there was some miscommunication going on that you probably weren’t even aware of it. Then you went away to do your analysis. You did some research and deep thinking, learned a lot, and probably gained great insight into the business domain. But if your stakeholders didn’t share that process with you, their perception of the requirements won’t be the same as yours. And then you added the details, such as data descriptions and validation rules and GUI navigation—topics really needed by your designers—but in so much detail and from such a different perspective that it overwhelmed your subject matter experts.

DFD..
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system, modelling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a preliminary step to create an overview of the system, which can later be elaborated.[2] DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing (structured design).

A DFD shows what kind of information will be input to and output from the system, where the data will come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information about the timing of process or information about whether processes will operate in sequence or in paralle.
Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect costs of a product or system. It is a management accounting concept that can be used in full cost accounting or even ecological economics where it includes social costs.
Total Cost Of Ownership:

For manufacturing, as TCO is typically compared with doing business overseas, it goes beyond the initial manufacturing cycle time and cost to make parts. TCO includes a variety of cost of doing business items, for example, ship and re-ship, and opportunity costs, while it also considers incentives developed for an alternative approach. Incentives and other variables include tax credits, common language, expedited delivery, and customer-oriented supplier visits.DEFINITION OF 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL - RFP'
A type of bidding solicitation in which a company or organization announces that funding is available for a particular project or program, and companies can place bids for the project's completion. The Request For Proposal (RFP) outlines the bidding process and contract terms, and provides guidance on how the bid should be formatted and presented. A RFP is typically open to a wide range of bidders, creating open competition between companies looking for work.

BREAKING DOWN 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL RFP'
A Request For Proposal for a specific program may require the company to review the bids not only examine their feasibility , but also the health of the bidding company and the ability of the bidder to actually do what is proposed. The RFP may provide detailed information on the project or program, but can leave leeway for the bidder to fill in the blanks with how the project would be completed or program run.

A request for proposal (RFP) is a document that an organization posts to elicit bids from potential vendors for a desired IT solution. The RFP specifies what the customer is looking for and establishes evaluation criteria for assessing proposals.

An RFP generally includes background on the issuing organization and its lines of business, a set of specifications that describe the sought-after solution, and evaluation criteria that disclose how proposals will be graded. RFPs may also include a statement of work, which describes the tasks to be performed by the winning bidder and a timeline for providing deliverables.

An RFP may be issued for a number of reasons. In some cases, the complexity of an IT project calls for a formal RFP. An organization can benefit from multiple bidders and perspectives when seeking an integrated solution calling for a mix of technologies, vendors and potential configurations. A business moving from a paper-based system to a computer-based system, for example, might request proposals for all the hardware, software, and user training required to establish and integrate the new system into the organization. A simple hardware upgrade, in contrast, may only involve issuing a request for quotation to a single vendor.

Some entities such as government agencies may be required to issue RFPs to provide full and open competition. An organization may also release an RFP to boost competition to drive down the cost of a solution. That said, a proposal accepted on the basis of being the most responsive to an RFP’s specifications may not always be the lowest-priced bid.

Stakeholder needs and requirements represent the views of those at the business or enterprise operations level—that is, of users, acquirers, customers, and other stakeholders as they relate to the problem (or opportunity), as a set of requirements for a solution that can provide the services needed by the stakeholders in a defined environment. Using enterprise-level life cycle concepts (see Business or Mission Analysis for details) as guidance, stakeholders are led through a structured process to elicit stakeholder needs (in the form of a refined set of system-level life-cycle concepts). Stakeholder needs are transformed into a defined set of Stakeholder Requirements, which may be documented in the form of a model, a document containing textual requirement statements or both.

Stakeholder requirements play major roles in systems engineering, as they:

Form the basis of system requirements activities.
Form the basis of system validation and stakeholder acceptance .
Act as a reference for integration and verification activities.
Serve as means of communication between the technical staff, management, finance department, and the stakeholder community.
This topic describes the definition of stakeholder needs and requirements which involves the activities necessary to elicit and prioritize the needs of the stakeholder, and transform those needs into a set of defined stakeholder requirements. Defining the problem or the issue to be solved, identifying the opportunity for developing a new solution, or improving a system-of-interest must begin prior to starting the activities necessary to define stakeholder needs and requirements. This means that an initial context of use of the new or modified mission, operation, or capability has already been characterized System requirements are considered in detail during system definition. None of the above can be considered complete until consistency between the two has been achieved, as demonstrated by traceability, for which a number of iterations may be needed.

Let’s look at it from the project stakeholders’ point of view. They told you the requirements, and you wrote them down. Then you went off to do some analysis for a few days or weeks, and when you returned and showed them what you had done, they said that it was either wrong or so different that they didn’t know what to do with your specifications. And you probably had more questions for them—questions that they had great difficulty answering.Things probably started to go wrong when you wrote the requirements down. If your notes were informal, and if you weren’t precise about confirming your understanding of what they told you, it’s likely that there was some miscommunication going on that you probably weren’t even aware of it. Then you went away to do your analysis. You did some research and deep thinking, learned a lot, and probably gained great insight into the business domain. But if your stakeholders didn’t share that process with you, their perception of the requirements won’t be the same as yours. And then you added the details, such as data descriptions and validation rules and GUI navigation—topics really needed by your designers—but in so much detail and from such a different perspective that it overwhelmed your subject matter experts.

DFD..
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system, modelling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a preliminary step to create an overview of the system, which can later be elaborated.[2] DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing (structured design).

A DFD shows what kind of information will be input to and output from the system, where the data will come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information about the timing of process or information about whether processes will operate in sequence or in paralle.
Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect costs of a product or system. It is a management accounting concept that can be used in full cost accounting or even ecological economics where it includes social costs.
Total Cost Of Ownership:

For manufacturing, as TCO is typically compared with doing business overseas, it goes beyond the initial manufacturing cycle time and cost to make parts. TCO includes a variety of cost of doing business items, for example, ship and re-ship, and opportunity costs, while it also considers incentives developed for an alternative approach. Incentives and other variables include tax credits, common language, expedited delivery, and customer-oriented supplier visits.DEFINITION OF 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL - RFP'
A type of bidding solicitation in which a company or organization announces that funding is available for a particular project or program, and companies can place bids for the project's completion. The Request For Proposal (RFP) outlines the bidding process and contract terms, and provides guidance on how the bid should be formatted and presented. A RFP is typically open to a wide range of bidders, creating open competition between companies looking for work.

BREAKING DOWN 'REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL RFP'
A Request For Proposal for a specific program may require the company to review the bids not only examine their feasibility , but also the health of the bidding company and the ability of the bidder to actually do what is proposed. The RFP may provide detailed information on the project or program, but can leave leeway for the bidder to fill in the blanks with how the project would be completed or program run.

A request for proposal (RFP) is a document that an organization posts to elicit bids from potential vendors for a desired IT solution. The RFP specifies what the customer is looking for and establishes evaluation criteria for assessing proposals.

An RFP generally includes background on the issuing organization and its lines of business, a set of specifications that describe the sought-after solution, and evaluation criteria that disclose how proposals will be graded. RFPs may also include a statement of work, which describes the tasks to be performed by the winning bidder and a timeline for providing deliverables.

An RFP may be issued for a number of reasons. In some cases, the complexity of an IT project calls for a formal RFP. An organization can benefit from multiple bidders and perspectives when seeking an integrated solution calling for a mix of technologies, vendors and potential configurations. A business moving from a paper-based system to a computer-based system, for example, might request proposals for all the hardware, software, and user training required to establish and integrate the new system into the organization. A simple hardware upgrade, in contrast, may only involve issuing a request for quotation to a single vendor.

Some entities such as government agencies may be required to issue RFPs to provide full and open competition. An organization may also release an RFP to boost competition to drive down the cost of a solution. That said, a proposal accepted on the basis of being the most responsive to an RFP’s specifications may not always be the lowest-priced bid.

Stakeholder needs and requirements represent the views of those at the business or enterprise operations level—that is, of users, acquirers, customers, and other stakeholders as they relate to the problem (or opportunity), as a set of requirements for a solution that can provide the services needed by the stakeholders in a defined environment. Using enterprise-level life cycle concepts (see Business or Mission Analysis for details) as guidance, stakeholders are led through a structured process to elicit stakeholder needs (in the form of a refined set of system-level life-cycle concepts). Stakeholder needs are transformed into a defined set of Stakeholder Requirements, which may be documented in the form of a model, a document containing textual requirement statements or both.

Stakeholder requirements play major roles in systems engineering, as they:

Form the basis of system requirements activities.
Form the basis of system validation and stakeholder acceptance .
Act as a reference for integration and verification activities.
Serve as means of communication between the technical staff, management, finance department, and the stakeholder community.
This topic describes the definition of stakeholder needs and requirements which involves the activities necessary to elicit and prioritize the needs of the stakeholder, and transform those needs into a set of defined stakeholder requirements. Defining the problem or the issue to be solved, identifying the opportunity for developing a new solution, or improving a system-of-interest must begin prior to starting the activities necessary to define stakeholder needs and requirements. This means that an initial context of use of the new or modified mission, operation, or capability has already been characterized System requirements are considered in detail during system definition. None of the above can be considered complete until consistency between the two has been achieved, as demonstrated by traceability, for which a number of iterations may be needed.

Let’s look at it from the project stakeholders’ point of view. They told you the requirements, and you wrote them down. Then you went off to do some analysis for a few days or weeks, and when you returned and showed them what you had done, they said that it was either wrong or so different that they didn’t know what to do with your specifications. And you probably had more questions for them—questions that they had great difficulty answering.Things probably started to go wrong when you wrote the requirements down. If your notes were informal, and if you weren’t precise about confirming your understanding of what they told you, it’s likely that there was some miscommunication going on that you probably weren’t even aware of it. Then you went away to do your analysis. You did some research and deep thinking, learned a lot, and probably gained great insight into the business domain. But if your stakeholders didn’t share that process with you, their perception of the requirements won’t be the same as yours. And then you added the details, such as data descriptions and validation rules and GUI navigation—topics really needed by your designers—but in so much detail and from such a different perspective that it overwhelmed your subject matter experts.

DFD..
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system, modelling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a preliminary step to create an overview of the system, which can later be elaborated.[2] DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing (structured design).

A DFD shows what kind of information will be input to and output from the system, where the data will come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information about the timing of process or information about whether processes will operate in sequence or in paralle.
Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect costs of a product or system. It is a management accounting concept that can be used in full cost accounting or even ecological economics where it includes social costs.
Total Cost Of Ownership:

For manufacturing, as TCO is typically compared with doing business overseas, it goes beyond the initial manufacturing cycle time and cost to make parts. TCO includes a variety of cost of doing business items, for example, ship and re-ship, and opportunity costs, while it also considers incentives developed for an alternative approach. Incentives and other variables include tax credits, common language, expedited delivery, and customer-oriented supplier visits.

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