Problem 3. Pulmonary volumes comparing an elite athlete and a case of spina bifi

Question

Problem 3. Pulmonary volumes comparing an elite athlete and a case of spina bifida with severe scoliosis.

Shaquille O’Neal is a male NBA basketball player. He would be considered an elite athlete.

a) After finding personal data on O’Neal, draw a spirographic record reflecting his lung volumes. Show

all calculations for the following:

MVR, AV, AVR, TV, RV, DS, TLC.

The young man we have discussed in class has spina bifida involving the lower thoracic area of the spinal cord. He is now also 24 years old. weighs __ pounds and is confined to a wheelchair. He has very severe scoliosis.

b) Give possible values for the same lung volumes and capacities for this person and justify your answers. Draw a spirographic curve for this individual.

Problem 4 Physiology of Deep Sea Diving

When human beings descend beneath the sea, the pressure around them increases tremendously.   For every 33 feet of descent the pressure increase 1 atmosphere!

a) Follow nitrogen gas from atmosphere to lungs.

b) What is the partial pressure of nitrogen at sea level?

c) Why is nitrogen normally not absorbed by your body in great

quantities?

d) What happens if a diver spends several hours at 100 feet below sea level?

Explain in terms of gas laws and physiology.

e) What happens if the diver rapidly returns to sea level?

Problem 5-Glomerular Filtration and Urine Formation

The GFR is the volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute. The GRA in women averages 115 ml/minute.

a) what is the GFR per hour?    Per day?

b) if the total blood volume is 5.5 L , how often is the total blood volume filtered?

c) since 85% of the original glomerular ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed in the PCT, what is the folume that remains in the dct and collecting ducts.?

d) This amount is reabsorbed accordance with the body’s state of hydration and by hormones.

What is the amount?

Problem 6-Homeostasis of plasma concentration is maintained by ADH.

a)Make a flow chart that shows the action of ADH in dehydration. Show the stimulus in terms of osmolality. Identify the receptors.

b)Identify the effects on urine volume and on blood.

Problem 7-Control of aldosterone secretion

a)Make a flow chart that shows the action of aldosterone. Specifically, where does aldosterone act? What are the stimuli? What is the effect?

b)What happens in conditions of abnormally high aldosterone secretions, for example, Conn’s syndrome?

Problem 8-Glucose , an example of carrier mediated transport in the pct and a renal plasma clearance normally zero.

Define renal plasma clearance

Define carrier mediated transport and transport maximum in relation to glucoseT.

Define renal plasma threshold

The average transport max for glucose in the tubules is 375 mg/minute. Normal fasting plasma glucose is 1 mg/ml. Assuming the GFR is 120ml/min is this plasma glucose level below the transport max? Will there be glycosuria? Show your answer mathematically.

Problem 9-Maintaining homeostasis of blood pH

Acid base balance has two components, the respiratory component and the metabolic component.

What organ maintains the respiratory component? The metabolic component?

What is the difference between volatile acids and nonvolatile acids when referring to the blood?

Give examples of each.

What type of acidosis occurs in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and why?

Explanation / Answer

Problem 5

a. 125ml/min i.e 7500ml/hr and 180L/day

b. The blood is filtered every 40 minutes, so must return a lot of that fluid to the blood

C. 15%

D. Under normal state, 1.5 L is excreted meaning 99.2% of glomerular ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed

7. A.   Blood NA+ level decrease and K+ levels increase ---à Aldosterone released from adrenal cortex-à Aldosterone targets kidney------K+ falls and Na is reabsorbed by kidney-------. Blood NA+ and K+ levels normalize

B Conn's syndrome is a disease of the adrenal glands involving excess production of a hormone, called aldosterone, High blood pressure (hypertension) is the main, and often the only, symptom.

The excess secretion of the hormone aldosterone into the blood is from an abnormal adrenal gland or glands.Two types of abnormality are seen: a benign tumour of one adrenal, called an adenoma or a general enlargement of both adrenals, called hyperplasia.

8.a. the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidney in a given amount of time is called renal plasma clearance.

b. There are two forms of carrier-mediated transport, active transport and facilitated diffusion. The rapid transfer of drug metabolites into urine is by active transport. Entry of glucose into most cells is by facilitated diffusion but its passage across the gastrointestinal mucosa is by active transport.The transport rate of molecules such as glucose reaches a maximum when the carriers are saturated. This maximum rate is called the transport maximum, or Tm.

c. the renal threshold is the concentration of a substance dissolved in the blood above which the kidneys begin to remove it into the urine.

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