a. phenol b. o-ethyltoulene c. 3-chloroaniline d. p-nitrobenzoic acid Solution a

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a) There are different routes to go from Benzene to phenol: Pure chemical: Benzene + H2SO4 ---> Benzene sulfonic acid + NaOH ---> Phenol HCl can be used in place of H2SO4 to to make chlorobenzene, which is then reacted withNaOH to make phenol. from the second reference source: A One-Step Conversion of Benzene to Phenol with a Palladium Membrane Existing phenol production processes tend to be energy-consuming and produce unwanted by-products. We report an efficient process using a shell-and-tube reactor, in which a gaseous mixture of benzene and oxygen is fed into a porous alumina tube coated with a palladium thin layer and hydrogen is fed into the shell. Hydrogen dissociated on the palladium layer surface permeates onto the back and reacts with oxygen to give active oxygen species, which attack benzene to produce phenol. This one-step process attained phenol formation selectivities of 80 to 97% at benzene conversions of 2 to 16% below 250°C (phenol yield: 1.5 kilograms per kilogram of catalyst per hour at 150°C). c) STEP 1.......... nitration of benzene in the presence of conc H2SO4 and conc HNO3....will give nitro benzene... step 2 chlorination of nitro benzene........NO2 is meta directing group so Cl will attach itself on the meta position...... step 3 reduction of m-chloro nitro benzene in the presence of catalysts like Pd , Pt. etc......will yield the desired product............that is ..m- chloroaniline d)benzene in presence of Na2Cr2O7 and aqu.H2So4 gives nitrobenzoic acid

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