Which one of these classifying schemes (Origin of microbes, Ch 16) is the most r
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Question
Which one of these classifying schemes (Origin of microbes, Ch 16) is the most recent, even though it too must be considered a work in progress (no scheme yet reflects fully how life actually evolved)?
a. 3-kingdom scheme (plants, animals, microbes)
b. 2-kingdom scheme (plants and animals -- all microbes forced into one of the other of these kingdoms)
c. 3-domain, 6 kingdom scheme (prokaryotes making up 2 domains)
d. a scheme including all eukaryotes, but no prokaryotes (the latter regarded non-living)
e. 5-kingdom scheme, all prokaryotes in one kingdom
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2. Ch 36-18 Pop Ecology (Points: 1)
Which one(s) of these (Ch. 36A, Population Ecology) is associated with the final phase of the S-shaped growth curve of populations in many species of organisms?
a. also known as the plateau phase
b. zero population growth
c. equilibrium between birth rates and death rates, two factors which often affect natural increases in population size.
d. stabilized population size.
e. Actually, all of the these
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3. Ch 36-21 Human pop dynamics (Points: 1)
If a human population is growing at a natural rate of 1%'yr (Ch. 35B, Human population dynamics), its doubling time will be
a. 70 years
b. 35 years
c. 140 years
d. 700 years
e. 100 years
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4. Ch 19-10 human origins (Points: 1)
Recognizing that understanding human origins (Ch. 19) is still a "work in progress," one of these choices appears to be incorrect at this time.
a. The genus Homo itself appears to be no more than about 2.5-3 million years old, judging from the known and dated fossil records.
b. Several important traits in humans, including opposable thumbs and binocular depth perception date from the early Primates (prosimians).
c. Human-like, fossil foot prints (bare-footed prints) date bipedalism in the hominid lineage well before much enlargement of the hominid skull case (brain volume).
d. Biologists have accepted a half dozen or more species in the genus Homo, but only the species Homo sapiens sapiens (modern humans) survives today.
e. Since fossils of the earliest human species recognized in our text (Homo habilis) have been found on several continents, we remain very uncertain about which continent gave rise to our genus, Homo.
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5. Ch 15-09 (Points: 1)
The Carboniferous period (history of Life, Ch. 15) involved forming awesome deposits of coal sediments and is part of the
a. late Paleozoic era.
b. early Paleozoic era.
c. Cenozoic era.
d. later Pre-Cambrian era.
e. early, pre-biotic Pre-Cambrian era.
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6. Ch 16-07 origin of microbes (Points: 1)
Bacteria that live around deep-sea hot-water vents (Ch. 16, Origin of Microbes) obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide released from the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in the seawater. These bacteria are .
a. chemoheterotrophs
b. photoautotrophs
c. chemoautotrophs
d. photoheterotrophs
e. none of the above
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7. Ch 19-18 human origins (Points: 1)
Primates are distinguished (human origins, Ch. 19) from other mammals by __________.
a. opposable thumbs, nails, and good depth perception
b. fur, claws, and small litters
c. good depth perception, mammary glands, and single births
d. placental reproduction, opposable thumbs, and good depth perception
e. long tails used for balance, good depth perception, and opposable thumbs
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8. Ch 16-18 evol of microbes (Points: 1)
Bacteria that live around deep-sea hot-water vents (Origin of Microbes, Ch. 16) obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in the seawater. These bacteria are _____.
a. photoautotrophs
b. chemoautotrophs
c. photoheterotrophs
d. chemoheterotrophs
e. none of the above
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9. Ch 16-15 origin of microbes (Points: 1)
Spontaneous generation (Origin of Microbes, Ch.16) _____________.
a. is the old myth that living organisms -- and especially microbes -- arose from nonliving matter from time to time throughout Earth's history and still do sometimes today
b. is pharming a transgene
c. was proven experimentally by Louis Pasteur
d. states that all life comes from pre-existing life
e. occurs when fly maggots appear in rotting meat
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10. Ch 15-16 origin of life (Points: 1)
Which one of these is the chief reason (origin of life, Ch 15) the first living cells on planet Earth had to be fermenters?
a. There was no ATP then.
b. The atmosphere was probably a reducing atmosphere (had no free O2 gas or ozone).
c. Protocells had no enzymes.
d. Fermentation provides the most amount of energy (the most ATP molecules made for each glucose molecule consumed).
e. All of these are correct.
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11. Ch 36-10 human pop dynamics (Points: 1)
A short pyramid-shaped age distribution (has a short height but a very wide base) in a human population (population ecology, Ch. 36) means that
a. the population is showing a high birth rate and high death rate (thus, it is in its pre-demographic-transition phase of growth).
b. the population will most likely grow for some time into the future (and probably at a fairly rapid rate).
c. the pre-reproductive age group is the largest part of the population and the country is more likely an LDC than an MDC.
d. fewer women are leaving their reproductive years by aging than women entering their reproductive period.
e. Actually, all of these are correct.
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12. Ch 15-07 Earth history (Points: 1)
Most of the volcanoes and earthquakes around the world (Earth history, Ch. 15) usually occur
a. in midcontinents, furthest away from the continental-plate boundaries.
b. in midoceans, as seen for example in the Hawaiian Islands, distant from ocean-plate boundaries.
c. nearest the equator, around the Earth, as the equator crosses land and ocean.
d. in a totally random pattern on land and sea, which gives us few clues to their ultimate causes.
e. near the boundaries of oceanic and/or continental plates, as one slips under or passes alongside the other.
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13. Ch 16-05 history of life (Points: 1)
Glycolysis is about the only metabolic pathway (history of life, Ch. 16) common to nearly all organisms. To scientists, this suggests that this pathway
a. was first present in early eukaryotes.
b. has to be done by enzymes bound to internal membranes, rather than by enzymes dissolved in cytoplasm.
c. first appeared very early in the history of cellular organisms.
d. evolved many times during the evolution of life.
e. must have appeared simultaneously, but independently in all major groups of organisms as a necessary adaptation when oxygen (02 gas) was added to the Earth's atmosphere.
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14. Ch 16-09 proks, extreme adaptations (Points: 1)
Among all kinds of metabolically inactive, "resting" types of cells (extreme adaptations, Ch.16), one of these is known to be most resistant to harsh conditions.
a. thick-walled spores of some fungi
b. pollen grains of flowering plants
c. pollen grains of conifer trees
d. endospores of certain bacteria
e. spores of some marine alge
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15. Ch 15-15 origin of life (Points: 1)
Evolution (origin of life, Ch 15) of the DNA-to-RNA-to-protein system for information flow was a milestone in evolution because the protocell could now
a. use energy to grow.
b. be a heterotrophic fermenter.
c. take needed kinds of molecules into cells.
d. make proteins determined by information stored in DNA molecules.
e. Actually, all of these are correct
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16. Ch 36-11 Pop Ecology (Points: 1)
An S-shaped growth curve (Population Ecology, Ch. 36A)
a. includes an exponential (J-shaped) growth phase.
b. occurs in natural populations but not laboratory ones.
c. occurs when there are no abiotic or biotic limiting factors.
d. always ends in a sharp decline (free-fall, or population crash).
e. Actually, all of these are correct.
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17. Ch 19-16 human origins (Points: 1)
Hominids (human origins, Ch. 19) include _____ but not _____.
a. orangutans ... monkeys
b. chimpanzees ... orangutans
c. humans ... Neanderthals
d. australopithecines ... great apes
e. humans ... australopithecines
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18. Ch 19-05 (Points: 1)
Which of the following correctly lists probable ancestors (Ch. 19) of modern humans from the oldest toward the most recent?
a. Homo erectus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis
b. Australpithecus, Homo erectus, Homo habilis
c. Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Australopithecus
d. Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus
e. Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Australopithecus
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19. Ch 15-11 age of fossils (Points: 1)
The oldest fossils usually_________ .(relative age, Ch. 15)
a. are found in sedimentary rock strata of the Mesozoic era.
b. are found in sediments from the Cenozoic era
c. are found above younger fossils in the geological column
d. contain more radioactive isotopes than younger fossils
e. are found in the deepest strata
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20. Ch 19-09 (Points: 1)
There is evidence that hominids (human origins, Ch. 19) evolved at least _____ years ago.
a. 50 million
b. 6 million
c. 4 million
d. 1.8 million
e. 100,000
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21. Ch 36-02 human pop dynamics (Points: 1)
The greatest difficulty in predicting human population growth (Population Ecology, Ch. 36) for future decades is most probably
a. discovering the cause of overshoot.
b. estimating doubling times.
c. getting data on biological potential.
d. accurate estimation of carrying capacity.
e. measuring the annual rate of growth.
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22. Ch 36-13 human pop dynamics (Points: 1)
"Lesser Developed Countries" (Text wording, LDCs) today generally have growth rates ________ the average rate in the "more developed countries" (MDCs) (Ch. 36, Population Ecology).
a. less than (and going lower), compared to
b. equal to
c. less than (and unchanging), compared to
d. more than twice the 1%/yr (or slightly less than the 1%/yr) of
e. ten times higher than
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23. Ch 15-10 speciation by adaptive radiation (Points: 1)
The 14 species of Darwin's finches (speciation, Ch. 15) found on the Galapagos Islands are collectively a classical example of microevolution by adaptive radiation from _____ ancestral species.
a. 3
b. 1
c. 6
d. 5
e. 12
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24. Ch 36-25 human pop dynamics (Points: 1)
If the natural growth of the human population on Earth (Ch. 36B, Population Ecology) is at the steady increase of 3%/year, this would be considered a rapid rate and from the year 2000 would bring us to 12 billions in
a. 17-18 years
b. 70 years
c. 35 years
d. 23-24 years
e. Actual, nothing discussed in class would allow us to answer from the information given.
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25. Ch 15-20 earth history (Points: 1)
What was Pangea (Evolution of Earth and Life, Ch. 15)?
a. an extinct volcano on Earth, the largest volcano by far of any ever known on our planet.
b. the land mass formed from the merger of all the continents into one gigantic continent more than 250 MYA
c. a time about 2 BYA when all the continents submerged below the oceans and there was no land for several hundred million years.
d. a time before life on Earth, more than 3 BYA when planet Earth was a solid iceball
e. name given to the ocean while all the continents were combined
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26. Ch 15-04 mass extinctions (Points: 1)
Mass extinctions (macroevolution, Ch. 15) that occurred in the past ___________.
a. cut the number of species and biodiversity drastically, globally and irreversibly.
b. occured regularly, averaging about one major event every million years
c. resulted only from the merging, not the separation of continents
d. were always followed by diversification of the survivors, even if often slowly.
e. wiped out land animals, but had little effect on marine life
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27. Ch 19-04 human origins (Points: 1)
To which of the following human traits has the FOXP2 gene been most closely linked?
a. opposable thumb enabling a precision grip
b. an extended period of parental care
c. brain development associated with language
d. advanced tool manufacture and use
e. development of dark skin pigmentation
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28. Ch 16-19 euks (Points: 1)
One of these is NOT correct about the similarities and differences of prokaryotes and eukaryotes (origin of eukaryotes, Ch.16).
a. The cells of both have cytoplasm and cell membranes.
b. Both use ribosomes to make proteins.
c. Most species in both groups are not pathogens nor parasites.
d. A normal eukaryotic gene (usually with introns, recall) will not be expressed normally in a prokaryotic cell, because prokaryotes do not do P-TRS-P of mRNA, which splices out the introns
e. Their flagella are identical in structure and in how they convert energy into cell motility.
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29. Ch 15-08 origin of life (Points: 1)
We know from experiments that one of these cell parts (origin of cells, Ch. 15) will form spontaneously under the right abiotic conditions in solutions of phospholipids. This part is now made routinely and used in basic research and applied biology today.
a. membranes
b. nuclei
c. ribosomes
d. chloroplasts
e. mitochondria
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30. Ch 19-13 human origins (Points: 1)
Fossils suggest (human origins, Ch. 19) that the earliest major trait distinguishing human primates from all other primates was
a. a larger brain
b. erect posture, with biped walking/running
c. depth perception based largely on forward-facing eyes, with overlapping visual fields and appropriate mental processing of their sensory inputs for quality depth perception.
d. toolmaking.
e. grasping hands, with opposable thumbs
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31. Ch 19-08 (Points: 1)
Which one of these (human biological relatives, Ch. 19) is NOT an anthropoid primate?
a. any New World monkey
b. "Lucy" the australopithecine biped
c. lemur
d. living human
e. chimpanzee
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32. Ch 16-11 macroevol (Points: 1)
Most of the currently familiar domains, kingdoms and phyla of living things (life evolving, Ch. 16) were already well-represented on Earth about _________ years ago.
a. 3.5 billion
b. 500 million
c. 65 million
d. 2 billion
e. 4.6 billion
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33. Ch 16-12 origin of life (Points: 1)
Which one of these was the hypothesis Dr. Miller was testing (origin of life, Ch. 16) in his experiments about the primitive atmosphere?
a. Life could not have originated on Earth.
b. No organic molecules could be made from the gases in the primitive atmosphere before there were living cells on Earth.
c. Organic molecules could be made from the primitive atmosphere without a source of energy, before life on Earth.
d. Enzymes would be necessary for making organic molecules in the absence of cells.
e. Small organic molecules of the kinds needed by living cells today could have been made spontaneously from inorganic molecules in the primitive atmosphere before cells existed on Earth.
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34. Ch 36-04 human pop dynamics (Points: 1)
According to the ecological footprint study (human population dynamics, Ch. 36) done in 2005,
a. the carrying capacity of the world is 15 billion humans.
b. the carrying capacity of the world would increase if everyone ate more meat.
c. the current demand on global resources in industrialized countries is less than the resources available in those countries.
d. nations with the largest ecological footprints have the fastest population growth rates.
e. the USA has a larger ecological footprint today than its own resources can provide.
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35. Ch 36-01 Human pop dynamics (Points: 1)
One of these is the only animal species, on land or sea, extinct or living, (Human population dynamics, Ch. 36), ever known to reach a global population size of more than one billion individuals with adults averaging 100 lbs or more (Hint: The answer is intuitive.).
a. blue whales
b. killer whales
c. whale sharks
d. modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens)
e. American bison ("buffalo")
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36. Ch 15-02 (Points: 1)
That several unrelated groups of animals (origins of hereditary traits, Ch. 15) independently developed wings and the ability to use them for flying is an example of __________________.
a. divergent evolution (similar traits by common ancestry -- by homology)
b. convergent evolution (similarity by analogous structures or analogous functions, not by ancestry)
c. paedomorphosis
d. exaptation
e. phylogeny
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37. Ch 36-03 human pop dynamics (Points: 1)
The skyrocketing growth of the human population (population dynamics, Ch. 36B) in recent times appears to be mainly the result of _____.
a. a drop in the death rate due mainly to improved sanitation and health care
b. migration to thinly settled regions of the globe
c. better nutrition boosting the birth rate
d. the concentration of humans in cities
e. social changes that make it more desirable to have more children
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38. Ch 19-03 human origins (Points: 1)
The two major groups of primates (human origins, Ch. 19) are _____.
a. monkeys and anthropoids
b. prosimians and apes
c. monkeys and apes
d. prosimians and anthropoids
e. Old World monkeys and New World monkeys
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39. Ch 36-07 human pop dynamics (Points: 1)
If humans ever seriously overstress the global carrying capacity for humans, causing irreversible damage to this carrying capacity (Population Ecology, Ch. 36), the most likely outcome, based on our discussion in class, will be
a. a permanent equilibrium (zero population growth) at the largest size reached.
b. no change in our continuing population growth rate.
c. first an overshoot driven by biological momentum and then a dieback to below the previous level of carrying capacity.
d. a crash to extinction of our species, after an overshoot of carrying capacity.
e. a crash without an overshoot
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40. Ch 15-12 origin of life (Points: 1)
The earliest fossils known (origin of life, Ch. 15 ) are found in the oldest rocks containing fossils. These rocks are found
a. in the deepest layers of the geological column composed of sedimentary rocks containing fossils.
b. only on the tops of high mountains.
c. only on the floor of oceans.
d. only in igneous rock strata at the bottom of the geological column..
e. only in metamorphic rock strata.
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41. Ch 19-14 humans diversifying (Points: 1)
Migrations of the human species Homo erectus out of Africa (human speciation, Ch. 19, ) into several other continents began
a. no more than 1,000,000 YA.
b. about 500,000 YA during an interglacial phase of the Pleistocene ice age, when they could take advantage of low sea levels and natural land bridges.
c. about half a million years after Homo habilis had spread over much of Eurasia.
d. soon after the beginning of the first of the four major waves of glaciation, during the early Pleistocene ice age about 1.5 MYA.
e. only after the end of the ice age about 50,000 YA.
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42. Ch 36-16 Pop Ecology (Points: 1)
Blizzards, earthquakes, floods and wildfires (CH. 36A. Population Ecology) are examples of
a. density-dependent factors regulating population size.
b. density-independent factors regulating population size.
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43. Ch 36-12 pop ecology (Points: 1)
A simple equation, highly consilient between disciplines, for tracking and predicting a common pattern of growth (Population Ecology, Ch. 36A) for such diverse things as investments, producing radioisotopes in an atomic reactor, growth of bacterial cultures, human populations or almost anything based upon the growth principle of maximally compounded interest expressed in the doubling-time mode is one of these equations:
a. r = (y) (t3)
b. r + t = 70
c. y = 2x + r
d. r X 2t = 70
e. r X t = 70
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44. Ch 19-12 human origins (Points: 1)
The earliest primates (human origins, CH. 19) were most similar to modern _____.
a. ground-dwelling hominids
b. arboreal anthropoids
c. ground-dwelling prosimians
d. arboreal prosimians
e. ground-dwelling anthropoids
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45. Ch 19-01 human origins (Points: 1)
The earliest members of the genus Homo (Origin of humans, Ch. 19)
a. had a large brain, compared to other hominids.
b. probably hunted dinosaurs.
c. lived about 6 MYA.
d. lived in Europe.
e. were the first hominids to be bipedal.
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46. Ch 15-05 history of origins (Points: 1)
Desert plant species that look similar to each other today, but are actually unrelated (history of origins, Ch. 15) most likely have become this way by
a. speciation
b. divergence from commom ancestry
c. peadomorphosis
d. convergent evolution
e. phylogeny
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47. Ch 36-06 Pop Ecology (Points: 1)
A J-shaped growth curve (Population Ecology, Ch. 36) should be associated with
a. an unlimited rate of increase.
b. exponential growth.
c. no environmental resistance.
d. biotic potential driving maximal rapid growth rate when limiting factors are inactive.
e. Actually, all of these are correct.
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48. Ch 15-14 origin of life (Points: 1)
One of these (origin and history of life, Ch. 15) is mismatched.
a. 4.6 BYA -- Origin of our planet.
b. 543 MYA -- Paleozic era begins with radiative speciation of Cambrian marine invertebrates.
c. 3.5 BYA -- Oldest Known fossils
d. 65 MYA -- 5th major extinction event and start of the Age of Mammals, Birds and Flowering Plants.
e. Actually, all of these are correct
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49. Ch 19-17 human relatives (Points: 1)
Humans (Ch. 19) are most closely related to _____.
a. orangutans
b. lorises
c. chimpanzees
d. gorilla
e. gibbons
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50. Ch 19-07 human origins (Points: 1)
Hominoids (human origins, Ch. 19) include _____ but not _____.
a. humans ... monkeys
b. monkeys ... humans
c. chimpanzees ... gorillas
d. humans ... apes
e. apes ... australopithecines
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