What is the effect on fetal development for supplementing large doses of vitamin

Question

What is the effect on fetal development for supplementing large doses of vitamin A What is the impact of caffeine on iron absorption? What is PKU and is the effect of this syndrome on fetal development What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and how can be prevented during pregnancy? What is the recommended period of time infants should be breastfed for optimal benefits? Explain the following discomforts during pregnancy a) Hemorrhoids b). Constipation c) Edema d). Gestational diabetes e) Morning sickness f) Pregnancy induced hypertension Define the following terms a). Oxytocin b). Prolactin

Explanation / Answer

This question has multiple questions. As per Chegg’s policy, I should answer the first question. I am answering the first four questions.

1)

Excess amount of vitamin A intake during pregnancy is linked birth defects especially neural tube defects.

2)

Caffeine interferes with iron absorption thus may cause iron defeciency.

3)

PKU is phenyl ketonuria. It is caused due to mutation in PAH (phenylalanine hydroxylase) gene. It is autosomal recessive.

If the pregnant mother has uncontrolled PKU, fetus may develop delayed development, mental retardation, poor head growth (microcephaly), and poor overall growth.

4)

Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe type of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder. It is caused due to frequent intake of alcohol by mother during pregnancy. This is characterized by following symptoms in the fetus.

Smaller head, poor growth, small eyes, a thin upper lip and cerebralplasy etc.

Children born with FAS may show learning difficulties, attention deficiency hyperactive disorder, and hearing and vision problems.

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