After 30 cycles of amplification by PCR, approximately how many molecules of the
ID: 84402 • Letter: A
Question
After 30 cycles of amplification by PCR, approximately how many molecules of the target DNA are present if there was one molecule of template to start and the PCR reaction steps are 100% efficient?
a) 60
b) 2^30
c) 10^30
d) 1^30
e) 30^2
Why do alterations affecting expression of the Bcl2 gene contribute to cancer?
a) because overexpression of Bcl2 leads to too much apoptosis, causing excess DNA damage
b) because overexpression of Bcl2 leads to phosphorylation of Rb and premature entry into S phase
c) because overexpression of Bcl2 leads to inappropriate activation of growth factor signaling pathways
d) because overexpression of Bcl2 leads to cancer cells being unable to undergo apoptosis, even when their DNA is damaged
e) because overexpression of Bcl2 leads to an increase in chromosomal abnormalities like translocations
) How many statements about Genome Wide Association Studies are true?
-they generally look at people both with and without a disease
- they generally look at families in which one disease is common
- they can identify multiple polymorphisms associated with a disease
- they are used to identify the single gene mutated in a human disease that follows simple Mendelian rules
- they seek to identify SNPs statistically correlated with a disease
- they involve sequencing the genomes of thousands of people
a) 2 are correct
b) 3 are correct
c) 4 are correct
d) 5 are correct
e) 6 are correct
A DNA molecule has 18 occurrences of the site recognized by the restriction enzyme BamHI 5’ - GGATTC - 3’ on the top strand. How many occurrences of the BamHI site are there on the bottom strand?
a) 0
b) 9
c) 18
d) 27
e) you cannot tell without knowing the exact sequence
Which is true about a SNP?
a) it could lead to a RFLP
b) it always alters the amino acid sequence of a protein
c) it is caused by slippage druing DNA replication d) two of the above
e) all of the above
Which of the following is essential for getting a drug of interest expressed in the milk of a transgenic mammal?
a) having the gene for the drug driven from a promoter expressed in mammary cells
b) having the gene for the drug driven from the lac promoter
c) having a antibiotic resistance gene on the plasmid
d) using a cDNA for the gene of interest
e) all of the above
How many of these statements about mitochondrial DNA are true?
- it shows paternal inheritance.
- it follows a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance
- it shows maternal inheritance
- it is present in an organelle
- it is a linear molecule
- it does not undergo mutation
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 5
Which of the following would be the best technique to use to determine the total amount of genetic variation between two people?
a) growth of cells in tissue culture
b) Southern blot
c) somatic gene therapy
d) SNP chip (microarray)
e) restriction digest
What is IPTG?
a) a fluorescent label added to dideoxy nucleotides for automated (by a machine) DNA sequencing
b) an antibiotic used to select for the presence of a plasmid vector in bacteria
c) a compound that turns blue when cleaved by beta-galactosidase
d) a compound that induces expression from the lac promoter but cannot be cleaved
e) a compound that represses expression from the lac promoter, but cannot be cleaved
What does it mean to say most tumors are probably clonal in origin?
a) that cancer-causing genes can be grown as clones in bacterial cells
b) that all tumors of a certain type, even in different indiviudals, are caused by mutations in the same genes
c) that cancer cells grown in tissue culture will pile up on top of each other and forms colonies
d) that all the cells in the tumor came from one original cell that had the right combination of mutations to become cancerous
e) that cells from a tumor can be used to create a clone of an individual
In the genetic screen in yeast that identified genes necessary to progress through the cell cycle, why was it necessary to isolate temperature-sensitive conditional mutants?
a) because all mutations in yeast are temperature-sensitive
b) because cell cycle genes can only mutate to a temperature-sensitive phenotype
c) because the yeast have two copies of every gene
d) because the gene products are used in other processes in the cell
e) because otherwise the mutant strains would be dead
Why do mutations in the genes for human homologs of the bacterial mismatch repair proteins contribute to cancer?
a) because the mutant proteins are defective in DNA repair, leading to mutations in other genes that cause cancer more directly
b) because the mutant proteins are overactive and lead to inappropriate activation of growth factor signaling pathways
c) because the mutant proteins dominantly interfere with p53 function
d) because the mutant proteins are inactive, leading to an increase in chromosomal abnormalities like translocations
e) because the mutant proteins are inactive and cause cell cycle arrest
How do growth factors like EGF exert their positive effects on cell division?
a) they decrease expression of cyclin genes in the M phase
b) they increase expression of cyclin genes in the G1 phase
c) they increase expression of cyclin genes in the M phase
d) they decrease expression of cyclin genes in the G1 phase
e) they increase expression of cyclin genes in the S phase
In C. elegans, the six vulval precursor cells (VPCs) in the skin normally adopt the pattern of cell fates 3° 3° 2° 1° 2° 3°. If Judith Kimble had laser ablated the anchor cell, a cell located above the VPCs in the gonad, and the VPCs still adopted this same pattern of cell fates, which of these conclusions would be consistent with that result? a) The anchor cell is not required for proper vulval cell fate determination
b) The VPCs require an extracellular signal from the anchor cell to adopt their fates correctly
c) The VPCs adopt their cell fates based on factors present inside the cells, independent of external signals
d) two of the above e) all of the above
PLEASE HELP ME ASAP WITH ANSWERS..
Explanation / Answer
After 30 cycles of amplification by PCR, approximately how many molecules of the target DNA are present if there was one molecule of template to start and the PCR reaction steps are 100% efficient?
a) 60
b) 2^30---------answer
c) 10^30
d) 1^30
e) 30^2
2^n= 230 = 1.02 x 109
===========================================================
Why do alterations affecting expression of the Bcl2 gene contribute to cancer?
a) because overexpression of Bcl2 leads to too much apoptosis, causing excess DNA damage
b) because overexpression of Bcl2 leads to phosphorylation of Rb and premature entry into S phase
c) because overexpression of Bcl2 leads to inappropriate activation of growth factor signaling pathways
d) because overexpression of Bcl2 leads to cancer cells being unable to undergo apoptosis, even when their DNA is damaged
e) because overexpression of Bcl2 leads to an increase in chromosomal abnormalities like translocations--answer
=========================================================================================================
) How many statements about Genome Wide Association Studies are true?
-they generally look at people both with and without a disease-true
- they generally look at families in which one disease is common
- they can identify multiple polymorphisms associated with a disease- true
- they are used to identify the single gene mutated in a human disease that follows simple Mendelian rules
- they seek to identify SNPs statistically correlated with a disease true
- they involve sequencing the genomes of thousands of people
a) 2 are correct
b) 3 are correct -answer
c) 4 are correct
d) 5 are correct
e) 6 are correct
===========================================================================================================================================================
A DNA molecule has 18 occurrences of the site recognized by the restriction enzyme BamHI 5’ - GGATTC - 3’ on the top strand. How many occurrences of the BamHI site are there on the bottom strand?
a) 0
b) 9
c) 18 -----------answer
d) 27
e) you cannot tell without knowing the exact sequence
================================================================================
Which is true about a SNP?
a) it could lead to a RFLP ---------------------answer
b) it always alters the amino acid sequence of a protein
c) it is caused by slippage during DNA replication
d) two of the above
e) all of the above
Which of the following is essential for getting a drug of interest expressed in the milk of a transgenic mammal?
a) having the gene for the drug driven from a promoter expressed in mammary cells ---------------------answer
b) having the gene for the drug driven from the lac promoter
c) having a antibiotic resistance gene on the plasmid
d) using a cDNA for the gene of interest
e) all of the above
How many of these statements about mitochondrial DNA are true?
- it shows paternal inheritance.
- it follows a non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance - true
- it shows maternal inheritance - true
- it is present in an organelle - true
- it is a linear molecule
- it does not undergo mutation
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3 -----------answer
d) 4
e) 5
Which of the following would be the best technique to use to determine the total amount of genetic variation between two people?
a) growth of cells in tissue culture
b) Southern blot
c) somatic gene therapy
d) SNP chip (microarray)----------------answer
e) restriction digest
======================================================================================================================
What is IPTG?
a compound that induces expression from thelacpromoter butcannot be cleaved -------------answer
======================================================
In C. elegans, the six vulval precursor cells (VPCs) in the skin normally adopt the pattern of cell fates 3° 3° 2° 1° 2° 3°. If Judith Kimble had laser ablated the anchor cell, a cell located above the VPCs in the gonad, and the VPCs still adopted this same pattern of cell fates, which of these conclusions would be consistent with that result? a) The anchor cell is not required for proper vulval cell fate determination
b) The VPCs require an extracellular signal from the anchor cell to adopt their fates correctly
c) The VPCs adopt their cell fates based on factors present inside the cells, independent of external signals
d) two of the above--answer
e) all of the above
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