• List several ways in which microbes affect our lives. • Recognize the system o
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Question
• List several ways in which microbes affect our lives.
• Recognize the system of scientific nomenclature that uses two names: a genus and a species.
• Differentiate the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms.
• List the three domains.
• Explain the major contribution in microbiology by Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Spallanzani, Virchow, Jenner,Pasteur, Lister, Koch, Ehrlich and Fleming.
• Define bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and virology.
• Explain the importance of microbial genetics and molecular biology.
• List at least four beneficial activities of microorganisms.
• Name two examples of biotechnology that use recombinant DNA technology and
• Define normal microbiota and resistance. • Define biofilm. Unit 2
• Define metabolism, and describe the fundamental differences between anabolism and catabolism.
• Identify the components of an enzyme.
• List the factors that influence enzymatic activity.
• Explain the overall function of metabolic pathways.
• Summarize the Krebs cycle, pentose phosphate, and Entner-Doudoroff pathways.
• What was the contribution of Carl Woese?
• List the characteristics of the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya domains.
• Define protist
• Differentiate eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral species.
• List the characteristics or cyanobacteria, archaeobacteria, chemoautotrophic bacteria, mycobacterium, endospore forming bacteria, gram + rods, and sulfur reducing bacteria.
• List the defining characteristics of fungi.
• Compare fungi with bacteria
• Identify two beneficial and two harmful effects of fungi.
• Describe the roles of the fungus and the alga in lichen.
• Identify two beneficial and two harmful effects of algae.
• List the characteristics of gram-negative aerobic bacteria and name which ones are beneficial and pathogenic
• List the defining characteristics of protozoa. “ first animal”
• List the distinguishing characteristics of parasitic helminths.
• Differentiate a virus from a bacterium.
• Describe the structure of viruses (helical, polyhedral, enveloped and complex viruses) and give an example of what disease they cause.
• Describe the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages.
Explanation / Answer
1)microorganisms play a vital role in our day today life. they are opresent in our digestive tract which are helpful in digestion. some are pathogenic and causes diseases too. lactic acid bacteria is responsible for formation of curd. they maintain ecological balance through decomposition.they are used in production of antibiotics also.
2)In a nomenclature system designed by Carolus Linnaeus (1735), each living organism is assigned two names.
genus - 1st name and always capitalized specific epithet (species name) 2nd, not capitalized both underlined and italicized
3)Bacteria - simple, single-celled organisms, DNA not enclosed, Prokaryotic, peptidoglycan cell wall, binary fission (split into 2 equal parts), contain flagella
Archaea - prokaryotic, peptidoglycan cell wall, found in extreme environments; pathogenic in humans
Fungi- Eukaryotic, nucleus containing DNA, uni/multi cellular, photosynthesis, chitin cell wall, sexually or asexual repoduction
Protozoa - unicellular, eukaryotic, move using pseudopods, flagella or cilia, photosynthesis, sexual/asexual reproduction
Algae - eukaryotic, photosynthetic, unicellular, cellulose cell wall.
Viruses - acellular, simple, one type of nucleic acid, must have host to survive.
4)1. Bacteria (pepridoglycan cell wall)
2. Achae ( lack peptidoglycan)
3. Eukarya
- protists
- fungi
- plants
- animal
5)Robert Hooke observed that cork was composed of “little boxes”; he introduced the term cell (1665).Hooke’s observations laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory, the concept that all living things are composed of cells.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, using a simple microscope, was the first to observe microorganisms (1673).
Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that Needham’s results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth (1765).
Rudolf Virchow introduced the concept of biogenesis: living cells can arise only from preexisting cells (1858).
Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis (1861).
Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans (1860s).
Robert Koch proved that microorganisms cause disease. He used a sequence of procedures, now called Koch’s postulates (1876), that are used today to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease
In 1798, Edward Jenner demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity to smallpox
Paul Ehrlich introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis (1910).
Alexander Fleming observed that the Penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture. He named the active ingredient penicillin (1928).
6)bacteriology is the study of bacteria ,mycology is study of fungi, parasitology is study of parasitic protozoa and worms , immunology is study of immunity ,virology is study of viruses
7)Microbial genetics - studies the mechanisms how microorganisms inherit traits
molecullar biology- studies how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA an how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins.
8)they are used in treatment of industrial waste
they are used in production of antibiotics
they are used for decomposition of waste
in laboratory testing and production of chemicals
9)Using recombinant DNA technology in Agriculture, Introducing genes that increase available iron levels in Rice three-fold is a potential remedy for Iron deficiency.
In Medicine, New genetic therapies using rDNA strategies are employed to treat diseases such as cystic fibrosis, AIDS and cancer, wherein, "defective" gene is replaced by the desired "potential" gene.
Example of biotechnology that do not use recombinant DNA technology:
Direct Synthesis of Enzymes by culturing Source Organisms,
Production of Industrially useful products.
10)normal microbiota are present in the human body and prevent growth of pathogens. infectious disease is when pathogens invade a susceptible host by carrying out atleast part of its life cycle in the host. They are new and always changing
biofilm:biofilm=microbes attach to solid surfaces (rocks, teeth, medical implants) and grow into masses. They are important because they provide protection for your mucous membrane from harmful mocrobes.
11)metabolism- refer to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism.
catabolism- (energy releasing) the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones; hydrolytic reactions and exergonic (produce more energy than consumed)
anabolism- (energy requiring) the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones; involve dehydration synthesis reactions and they are endergonic (consume more energy then they produce)
12)most consist of both a protein portion called apoenzyme and a nonprotein component called a cofactor.if the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called a coenzyme. apoenzymes are inactive by themselves; must be activated by cofactors. apoenzyme and cofactor form a holoenzyme. coenzymes asset the enzyme by accepting atoms removed from the substrate or by donating atoms required by the substrate
13)Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors
14)metabolic pathway is a sequin of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions occurring in a cell. organisms release and store energy from organic molecules by a series of controlled reactions rather than in a single burst. if the energy were released all at once, as a large amount of heat, it could not be readily used to drive chemical reactions and would in fact, damage the cell
15)GLYCOLYSIS- oxidation of glucose to pyretic acid; produces ATP and reduces NAD+ to NADH
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY- NADP+ to NADPH
ENTNER_DOUDOROFF PATHWAY- takes glucose and produces two molecules of NADPH and one of ATP
KREBS CYCLE-produces some ATP by substrate level phosphorylation, reduces electron carriers NAD+ and FAD and gives off CO2- NADH and FADH2
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN- produces a great deal of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
16)carl Woese, also called Carl R. Woese, in full Carl Richard Woese (born July 15, 1928, Syracuse, New York, U.S.—died December 30, 2012, Urbana, Illinois), American microbiologist who discovered the group of single-cell prokaryotic organisms known as archaea, which constitute a third domain of life
17)archea:
Prokaryote
Lives in more extreme environment than bacteria
Does not have Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Has unique RNA
Not sensitive to antibiotics that affect bacteria but are to some that affect eukarya
Bacteria
Prokaryote
Has Peptidoglycan
Has unique RNA
Sensitive to traditional antibiotic
Eukarya
Eukaryote
Has different kingdoms under it
Resistant to antibiotics that affect bacteria
Not all have cell walls, but if do it does not contain Peptidoglycan
18)prokaryotic species: population of cells with similar characteristics
eukaryotic species: group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves
viral species: population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche
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