Hello I really need help with the five questions. I am struggling with the quest

Question

Hello I really need help with the five questions. I am struggling with the questions. Please and thank you

5. Describe how fatty acid composition in phospholipid bilayers is important for the survival of microorganisms?

6. Compare and contrast how the phases of aerobic cellular respiration occur in different compartments in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes.

7. Define the structure and functions of enzymes and what conditions effect their optimal activity.

8. What is Mueller Hinton agar and how can it be used in a hospital setting?

9. Define and give examples of true sterilization? How is surgical equipment sterilized?

10. Describe the different phases of bacterial growth in a closed system. Which stage would antibiotics be most useful?

Explanation / Answer

) Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) are an essential structural component of all microbial cellular membranes. The ability of bacteria to control the biophysical properties of their membrane phospholipids helps them to survive in a wide range of physical environments. They do this by modifying the types of fatty acids that are produced by the biosynthetic pathway and changing the structures of pre-existing phospholipids. The recycling of phospholipids are used as intermediates in the biosynthesis of other major membrane components. Bacteria have evolved a sophisticated and complex cell envelope which protects them as well as allows selective passage of nutrients from the outside and waste products from the inside. In addition to lipid components, biological membranes are composed of proteins which make each membrane unique. Microorganism produce high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids during active metabolism but convert much of the unsaturated fatty acid composition to cyclopropane fatty acids when metabolism and cell division slow due to shortage of nutrition or other stress.

6) Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic reactions and processes. These reactions takes place in the cells of organisms, where the organisms convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate. Catabolic reactions are involved in respiration, where large molecules are broken into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process. Cells gain useful energy to fuel cellular activity through respiration. Cellular respiration takes place both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.Aerobic cellular respiration is the process in which cells break down food and turn into energy and cells need to perform their life functions. During aerobic respiration, oxygen is present, and results in a larger amount of energy. In prokaryotes cellular respiration lacks the presence of oxygen,and also able to produce energy, just smaller amounts of energy. This process is called fermentation.During cellular respiration, food molecules are broken down from sugar molecules to energy molecules known as ATP. ATP stores energy in a strong bond, and cells can harness this energy by breaking that bond, removing a phosphate group and resulting in ADP, which can then be reconverted to ATP. At the end of anaerobic respiration, there are only two molecules of ATP produced.Aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate as the end products of glycolysis. Anaerobic respiration is the process used in some microorganisms in which oxygen is not final electron acceptor. This process starts like aerobic respiration and stops through anarobic cellular respiration, because oxygen is not available to finish the respiration process. This type of respiration makes fewer ATP molecules and releases byproducts of lactic acid or alcohol. Aerobic respiration takes place in mitochondria. Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, it can take place without the presence of oxygen.

7)Enzymes consist of a protein and a non-protein. The proteins in enzymes are usually globular. The intra- and intermolecular bonds that hold proteins in their secondary and tertiary structures are disrupted by changes in temperature and pH. This affects shapes and catalytic activity of an enzyme is pH and temperature sensitive.Enzymes are very efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions. They speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy.enzymes take part in the reaction - that is how they provide an alternative reaction pathway. But they do not undergo permanent changes and so remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. They can only alter the rate of reaction, not the position of the equilibrium.Most chemical catalysts catalyse a wide range of reactions. They are not usually very selective. In contrast enzymes are usually highly selective, catalysing specific reactions only. This specificity is due to the shapes of the enzyme molecules.Enzymes have an active site. This is part of the molecule that has just the right shape and functional groups to bind to one of the reacting molecules. The rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction depends on the concentrations of enzyme and substrate. As the concentration of either is increased the rate of reaction increases the temperature rises, reacting molecules have more and more kinetic energy. This increases the chances of a successful collision and so the rate increases. There is a certain temperature at which an enzyme's catalytic activity is at its greatest . This optimal temperature is usually around human body temperature (37.5 C) for the enzymes in human cells.

8)Müller-Hinton agar is a microbiological growth medium. it is a loose agar. This allows for better diffusion of the antibiotics than most other plates, and commonly used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. It has a few properties to make it excellent for antibiotic use. It is a non-selective, non-differential medium means that almost all organisms plated on here will grow.it contains starch. Starch is known to absorb toxins released from bacteria, so that they cannot interfere with the antibiotics. Second, it is a loose agar. This allows for better diffusion of the antibiotics than most other plates. A better diffusion leads to a truer zone of inhibition.Five percent sheep blood and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide may also be added when susceptibility testing is done on Streptococcus species. This type is also commonly used for susceptibility testing of Campylobacter.

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