Only answe question 5-7 What structural feature causes mycoplasma spp. to grow s
ID: 89029 • Letter: O
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Only answe question 5-7
What structural feature causes mycoplasma spp. to grow slowly & why? What is the difference between the staff codon bacteria compared to start codon in Archae? Does a SSBDNA virus need to bring additional enzymes the host we for synthesis of genome? explain. give two reasons why antibiotic are not useful in treating ural infection. What is evolutionary benefit of bacterial species producing enzyme (as B-lactamase) that degrades an antibiotic? a. give example of bacteria that produces given an enzyme How is sensing by bacteria to form a bio film? Why does catalase in bacteria advantage.Explanation / Answer
5)Evolutionary significance of bacteria--A gene in bacteria produces the enzyme beta-lactamases which degrade the beta-lactam ring of antibiotic penicillin therefore providing resistance to the bacterial strain against the penicllin antibiotic. The gene is transferred for mone bacteria to another after conjugation by the phenomenon of horizontal transfer of genes and this gene is integrated in the pathogenicity island cluster of genes of bacteria. The strains which produce this enzyme include--staphylococcus aureus, enterobacter. The number of bacteria having drug resistance gene against beta-lactam antibiotics has tremendously increased since 1980. The classification includes the extended class of beta-lactamase producers with types ----serine beta-lactamases,metallo-betalactamases. The gene for antibiotic resistance producing the enzyme is present in the plasmid of bacteria and gets integrated into the pathogenicity island gene cluster of bacteria present on the chromosome of bacteria forming the episome complex.The bacteria species thus develop multiple drug resistance against the drugs.
a)Example of bacteria producing enzyme against beta-lactam drugs----The other bacteria which have attained resistance include--bacteroides, fusobacterium species, pseudomonase. hemophilus species of bacteria.
6)Quorum sensing is an example of interaction between same species of bacteria and consequently cell signaling mechanism among same species of bacteria which inhibit the growth of other species of bacteria in the surrounding by producing certain chemicals like bacteriocin.The examples of genes involved in quorum sensing of bacteria include Lux genes, ComD/R/E genes,AgrC/A genes. These genes are produced after infection in humans by various species of bacteria which adhere to the epithelial layer of cells.The cell -signaling gets activated which activates the transcription of various genes in the pathogenicity cluster of bacteria leading to further spread of infection and release of various toxic proteins by bacteria.The metabolic synthesis of amino acids starts in bacteria during quorum sensing leading to further growth and division of same bacterial species during infection like homocysteine, ribosyl -homosysteine, cysteine,and homoserine, tryptophan peptides(XIP) which activate the Lux pathway and ComD pathway respectively.
7)During various bacterial infections in mammalian cells, free radicals are produced like superoxide, hydroxide which are sequestered with the help of catalase enzymes produced by the OxyR gene in bacteria.These free radicals destroy the cell membrane leading to cell death,apoptosis and necrosis of cells.
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