Help with questions 9 and 10 please. The DMF is necessary to activate the oxalyl

Question

Help with questions 9 and 10 please.

The DMF is necessary to activate the oxalyl chloride in order to convert the carboxylic acid to an acid chloride. This activation mechanism is shown below. add curved arrows that correspond tio the conversion for each mechanistic step (each horizantal arrow) nto this conversion. The iminium intertmediate then does the nuciepphllic acyl substitution necessary to convert the carboxylic acid to the acid chloride. This mechanism is shown below. Add curved arrows for this conversion. What happens to the carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monooxide (CO) produced in this process? Why is only a catalytic amount of DMF needed for this reaction?

Explanation / Answer

9.
Since, CO and CO2 byproducts are gases having high boiling point they escape into atmosphere.
This shifts the equilibria to right with increased formation of intermediate according to Le Chatlier's principle.

10.
Catalyst, DMF is regenerated alongwith the formation of acid chloride product in the final stage.
so only catalytic amount of dmf needed.

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