What role does mitosis play in cancer? Describe: homologous chromosome, duplicat

Question

What role does mitosis play in cancer? Describe: homologous chromosome, duplicated chromosome chromatid, centromere, tetrad. Define the difference between an autosome and a sex chromosome. Define diploid. Define haploid, Identify cells in humans are haploid and diploid Explain how mitosis and meiosis are different. How many daughter cells does meiosis produce? Are the daughter cells from meiosis genetically Identical? Discuss events occurring during interphase of meiosis. Make sure you can explain the following stages of meiosis: a. Prophase t synapsis, crossing over and formation of tetrads b. Metaphase I c. Anaphase I d. Telophase I into cytokinesis e. Prophase II f. Metaphase II

Explanation / Answer

1.

Mitosis is the process of cells division and produces identical copies of themselves and tightly regulated in cells. On the other hand, cancer is an uncontrolled cell division. If any errors like wrong DNA occur in cells then the regulator proteins prevent it for further division. Beside this there are several processes that trigger cell growth. If any error occurs either of these two processes it would show uncontrolled mitosis and form cancer. Overall mitosis helps cancer cells for survive and spread.

2.

Homologous chromosome- The chromosome pairs in which one comes from each parent are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location is called homologous chromosome. Each homologous chromosome has same gene position with different alleles.

Duplicate chromosome- Chromosome duplication defined as any duplication in DNA that contains a gene that occurs between misaligned homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Duplication generally result from unequal crossing over between two homologous chromosomes in which one chromosome loses a small segment while the other chromosome gains this segment. The chromosome which gains the segment has undergone duplication whereas its homologue has undergone deletion.

Chromatid- A chromatid is one of the two identical halves copies of a replicated chromosome which   consists of two identical structures called sister chromatids that joined at the centromere.

Centromere- A specialized region on a chromosome in where sister chromatids is joined and form a X s shape is called centromere.

Tetrad- A group of four similar chromatids that formed at the time of the prophase of meiosis and consists of two homologous chromosomes is called tetrad.

3.

A. Sex chromosomes in females are homologous chromosome and in males are non-homologous but autosomes are homologous chromosomal pairs.

B. Sex chromosome involved in sex determination while autosomes determine somatic traits

C. In sex chromosome, one chromosome is shorter while in autosome both are same height.

D. In sex chromosome, centromere position is not same while in autosomes, its position is identical.

E.Sex chromosomes do not show Mendel- inheritance but austosomes show Mendal- inheritance.

F. Sex chromosomes named as – XY, ZW, XO and ZO while autosomes named as 1 to 22.

4. Haploid-A cell that contains one set of chromosomes that means n=1 called haploid cell. Eg- sperm and ova.

Diploid- A cell that contains two sets(2n) of chromosomes in which one set from the mother and another set from the father is called diploid cell. Eg-Skin, blood, muscle cells.

During meiosis , the sex cells divide and produce "gametes" which contain only one set of the chromosomes (n). In humans, sperm and ova (gametes) are haploid cells that contain 23 chromosomes. When the male and female gametes are fused during fertilization and formed zygote then the chromosome number is turned into 2n and become diploid .

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