Complete the steps of the scientific method for your choice of observation and q

Question

Complete the steps of the scientific method for your choice of observation and question using the directions below. Use these headings in your paper, please.

Introduction:

The Introduction is an investigation of what is currently known about the question being asked. Before one proposes a hypothesis or dashes off to the lab to do an experiment, a thorough search is made in the existing literature about the specific question and about topics related to the question. Once one is familiar with what is known about the question under consideration, one is in a position to propose a reasonable hypothesis to test the question.

Hypothesis:

This is an educated guess, or "best" guess, about what might be the explanation for the question asked. A hypothesis should be a one sentence statement (not a question) that can be tested in an experiment. The ability to test a hypothesis implies that it has a natural, repeatable cause.

Prediction:

What do you predict as an outcome for the controlled experiment (i.e. results) if the hypothesis is true? This should be in the form of an "If…….., then………." statement.

Controlled Experimental Method:

The hypothesis is tested in a controlled experiment. A controlled experiment compares a "Control" (i.e. the normal, unmodified, or unrestricted, or uninhibited set-up, based on the observation) to one or several "Experimental" set-ups. The conditions in the experimental set-ups are identical to the Control in every way, e.g. temperature, composition, shape, kind, etc., except for the one Experimental variable that is being tested. The results obtained from the Experimental set-ups will be compared to each other and to those obtained from the Control. If done correctly, any differences in the results may be attributed to the Experimental variable under consideration.

When designing an experiment, it is important to use multiples, (i.e. replicates), for each set-up, to avoid drawing the wrong conclusion. If the experiment only has one control and only one experimental set up with just one test subject in each, there is always the chance that a single living organism (test subject) could get sick or even die for reasons not caused by the experimental variable. And, because living organisms are genetically different, the results from just one test subject in a given set up may not be typical for the species as a whole. This could result in errors when interpreting the results. This kind of problem is avoided by using multiple controls and multiple experimental set-ups with multiple test subjects.

Be sure to provide sufficient details in your method section so that someone could reproduce your experiment.

The experimental method section should also state clearly how data (numbers) will be collected during the experiment which will be used to compare results in each test set up.

Results:

Since this is a "thought experiment," you will make up results according to what you think might happen if you actually did the experiment.

Results should include detailed raw data (numbers) rather than just a summary of the results. For example, if data are collected daily for five weeks, results should include the actual data from each day, and not just a summary of what happened at the end of the five weeks. Recorded results should match the experimental method.

Conclusion:

In this section, state clearly whether you reject or accept the hypothesis based on the (pretend) results. Discuss what this means in terms of the hypothesis, such as the need for additional experiments, or the practical uses or implications of the results.

Provide references in APA format. This includes a reference list and in-text citations for references used in the Introduction section.

Give your paper a title and number and identify each section as specified above. Although the hypothesis and prediction will be one sentence answers, the other sections will need to be paragraphs to adequately explain your experiment.

Submit your assignment as a MS Word document.


THIS THE SUITE TO QUESTION NUMBER 1 WHO IS ALREADY SOLVE BY CRAMSTER

Explanation / Answer

Introduction:- Brine shrimp belongs to the Phylum Arthropod; they live in highly Saline Lakes. They were used in many other scientific experiments as they are known for their sensitivity to salinity and temperature. This experiment was to see what happens if the dose of ethanol was increased in each brine shrimp cultured eggs. Its main goal is to find out the effects of the growth of brine shrimp eggs in normal conditions and in toxic conditions. There were many experiments in the past to determine how various factors would affect brine shrimp. Eight marine Cyanobacteria strands were tested to find the eco toxicity (Frazao). These strains have “morphological characteristics” and peptide toxins (Frazao). These strains were proved toxic to brine shrimp (Frazao). In this experiment, it was also discovered that the organic ones are better than the aqueous ones (Frazao). In another experiment, the scientists wanted to find out whether the ethanol extract from the bark of excoecaria agallocha that would reduce the “exploratory behavior” of living organisms (Nusrat). This extract increases sedative behavior and increases the sleeping time in an organism (Nusrat). This was proven considerably toxic to brine shrimp (Nusrat). Brine shrimp was also tested to see if brine shrimp larvae are affected by ethanol extracts from “four dental components, compomers, raisin modified glass cement, and conventional GIC, extract of synergy” (Milhem). From the following components, extract of synergy was the least toxic component for the larvae (Milhem). The greatest toxic component was compomers (Milhem). These are some of the experiments that show how brine shrimp is affected in different environmental and artificial conditions. Hypothesis:- This experiment is performed to see how alcohol affects brine shrimps’ motor skills and survival. Prediction:- If the toxicity increases, then the number of live eggs will die. Methods:- These were the materials that used to test how brine shrimp was toxic by different doses of ethanol: Brine Shrimp eggs, Brine solution, four petri dishes, Ethanol, 4 toothpicks, Pipet, ruler and a magnifying glass. All the four petri dishes were to be labeled and numbered before starting the experiment. Brine shrimp solution was added to all dishes; 0.1 ml of ethanol was added in Petri dish 1, 0.25 ml of ethanol was added to petri dish 2, and 0.5 ml of ethanol was added to petri dish 3. No toxins were added in the last petri dish. Toothpick was marked at 0.2cm and was used to transfer Brine Shrimp eggs by dipping the toothpick till the marked area. 4 Toothpicks were taken and followed the same process. Each Toothpick was stirred in their respective petri dishes. They were stirred until all the brine shrimp eggs were off the toothpick and in the solution. Using a Magnifying lens, all the eggs were counted and recorded that were in each solution. After a week, all the hatched eggs as well as the live shrimps were counted and recorded. Results: There had been a vast difference in the number of shrimps that were alive to the number of eggs in each dish. This was proved that the eggs were intoxicated by the ethanol and was also proved that the numbers of eggs hatched are dose dependent. The dependent variable was ethanol. The independent variable was the environment. Despite the errors, the average numbers of eggs that are alive in 0.25 ml of intoxicated ethanol medium are 6 but the average number of eggs that are alive in 0.5ml of intoxicated ethanol medium is only one. For Group 3 of table1 in Appendix, for 0.5 ml of intoxicated ethanol, out of 88 eggs, none of them survived. For group1, 3 brine shrimp larvae survived out of 144 eggs with the same toxicity. In group 2, none survived out of 42 eggs. 2 out of 3 groups have seen more eggs living in 0.25 ml of ethanol. Group 3’s Number of eggs that lived under the Alcohol medium and the Class average of number of eggs are very close by which says my group results are pretty accurate. Conclusion:- The results show that the hypothesis submitted above matches the results stated. Brine Shrimp eggs were sensitive to ethanol medium as it was proven in Nusrat’s Experiment. This Experiment proves that increase in dose proves that brine shrimp’s toxicity is dose dependent. The figures are similar between our Group’s Data and the class’s Data; the common element in all groups’ experiments is the dish with 0.5ml ethanol toxicity experienced a rapid change in the ratios of Brine shrimp that are alive to dead. This experiment might have had many different possible flaws. First of all, counting the floating eggs in the medium manually is hard and the number of eggs in total could have been more or less. Adding 0.5 ml exactly is hard, there is a possible error that some of the groups might have got less than 0.5 ml or more than 0.5 ml of ethanol. The biggest possible error could have been to count live swimming ones because the larvae are so small that it could be mistaken for an egg. Also some of the eggs are lighter in color that could have been easily mistaken for larvae. After seeing the average class results, despite the errors, almost all the groups could easily agree that Toxicity of the Brine Shrimp is dose dependent. The Increased toxicity led to the decrease in the number of live eggs. The Hypothesis as seen has also been backed up by other experiments listed. Hence the experiment is successful and future research could take place on animals on higher taxa which has same characteristics to see if it gives the same results on other creatures. Literature Cited:- Frazao B. 2010.Are Known Cyanotoxins Involved in the Toxicity of Picoplanktonic and Filamentous North Atlantic Marine Cyanobacteria?. marine drugs. volume 8( Issue 6): 1908-1919 Subhan N. 2008. Bioactivity of Excoecaria agallocha. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY.Volume 18(Issue 4): 521-526 Milhem MM. 2008. Toxicity testing of restorative dental materials using brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina). Journal of Applied Oral Science. Volume 16(Issue 4): 297-301

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