Essay Questions: 3 of these 5 will appear on the exam 1. Please discuss the fact

Question

Essay Questions: 3 of these 5 will appear on the exam 1. Please discuss the factors that made possible the emergence of cities and civilizations in 2. What factors led to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, the war's prolonged length, 3. Compare and contrast the ideas of Plato and Aristotle; describe how their ideas were 4. Please discuss the factors that allowed Philip II and Alexander to build up such an 5. The expansion of Rome increased the disparity between rich and poor because the elites Mesopotamia. and its conclusion? responses to the political and social conditions of the time. extensive empire. gained wealth and increased their estates through the spoils of war, while the soldiers, all of whom were small landholders, were unable to maintain their farms while they were away at war and often lost their land altogether. How did the Gracchus brothers and Gaius Marius try to remedy this situation?

Explanation / Answer

1)

Mesopotamia as well as the other great early Civilizations (Egypt - Indus Valley - Yangtze) were all situated near one or more big rivers.

In the case of Mesopotamia it was two the Tigris and the Euphrates. The vicinity of rivers was of the greatest importance,it gave them easy and unlimited access to drinking water and made transportation less cumbersome. The climate was warm and did not pose any problems for housing a simple hut would do. The land between the two rivers was excellent for farming because of the seasonal flooding that would leave the land ready for cultivation and give more than one crop per year. The fact that the living conditions were good and spare time was available,people could dedicate time to make their daily life easier and more pleasant. They started inventing things and later would want to make them even more attractive,thus Art was born. They shared the beginning of civilization - agriculture, irrigation, metal working - with Egyptians

2)

The Peloponnesian War is the name given to the long series of conflicts between Athens and Sparta that lasted from 431 until 404 BC.The reasons for this war are sometimes traced back as far as the democratic reforms of Cleisthenes, which Sparta always opposed. However, the more immediate reason for the war was Athenian control of the Delian League, the vast naval alliance that allowed it to dominate the Mediterranean Sea.

By 454 BC, when the League's treasury was transferred to Athens, the alliance had become an empire in all but name. Over the next two decades it began treating its fellow members as ruled subjects rather than partners, and fought several short wars to force members who wanted to leave the League to rejoin it.In 433 BC, when Athens signed a treaty of mutual protection with Corcyra (modern-day Corfu) - one of the few other city-states with a major navy of its own - Sparta and its allies interpreted the move as an act of provocation. A year later Sparta cancelled its peace treaty with Athens.

Then in 431 BC a contingent of soldiers from Thebes, Sparta's ally, tried to seize control of a town called Potidea. Caught and imprisoned, the townspeople put all 200 members of the advanced party to death. When a messenger from Athens arrived the next day to persuade the town against such a rash act, it was too late. The war had begun.

3)

In 360 B.C., an extraordinary individual, Philip II of Macedonia (northern Greece), came to power. In less than a decade, he had defeated most of Macedonia’s neighboring enemies: the Illyrians and the Paionians to the west and northwest, and the Thracians to the north and northeast. Phillip II instituted far-reaching reforms at home and abroad. Innovations—improved catapults and siege machinery, as well as a new kind of infantry in which each soldier was equipped with an enormous pike known as a sarissa—placed his armies at the forefront of military technology. Philip II concentrated on the military techniques . His plans for war against Asia were cut short when he was assassinated in 336 B.C

Alexander the Great became king after his father, King Phillip II, died. Alexander began his conquest of the Persian Empire 334 B.C. with the Battle of Granicus. Alexander's forces destroyed the Persian forces. A year later, Alexander the Great, defeated the Persian army at the Battle of Issus and freed the Greek city-states of Asia Minor. He then captured Syrian and Egypt. Alexander built the city of Alexandria in Egypt as a center of business. Alexandria became one of the most important cities in the ancient world. Alexander the Great continued to conquer the Persian Empire (by fighting in modern day Pakistan, India and Iran). In 323 B.C., Alexander planned to invade southern Arabia, but he became ill and died.

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