01. Discuss the meaning of the terms quaity of design and quality of conformance
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01. Discuss the meaning of the terms quaity of design and quality of conformance Q2. Discuss the quality-ethics connection 03. Briefly explain how a company can achieve lower production costs and Q4 As a manager, tion costs and increase productivity by improving the quality of its product and services t, how would you deal with the possibility that customer satisfaction does not always lead to customer retention? 05. What quality-related trade ofs might there be between having a single large, c centralized produce-processing facility and having many small , decentralized produce-processing faclitesExplanation / Answer
Quality by Design (QbD) is a concept first outlined by quality expert Joseph M. Juran in publications, most notably Juran on Quality by Design.[1] Designing for quality and innovation is one of the three universal processes of the Juran Trilogy, in which Juran describes what is required to achieve breakthroughs in new products, services, and processes.[2] Juran believed that quality could be planned, and that most quality crises and problems relate to the way in which quality was planned.
While Quality by Design principles have been used to advance product and process quality in industry, and particularly the automotive industry, they have also been adopted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the discovery, development, and manufacture of drugs.
Quality of conformance is the ability of a product, service, or process to meet its design specifications. Design specifications are an interpretation of what the customer needs. Of course, a product having high quality of conformance may still not be perceived by a customer as being an acceptable product if the person who created the design specifications did not correctly interpret what the customer wanted.
Quality of conformance is measured within an acceptable tolerance range. For example, if passengers expect a flight to leave within 10 minutes of its scheduled departure date, then any departure time within that time frame has a high quality of conformance, while any longer interval does not. Thus, quality of conformance equates to conformance to specifications within an acceptable tolerance range.
It is possible for a product to be of extremely high quality in terms of being produced within a tight tolerance range, using premium materials, and including all possible features. However, if the design specifications call for a less expensive product with fewer features, then the product is considered to have a low quality of conformance. This means that a high cost does not necessarily equate to a high quality of conformance.
For example, if a truck is designed to sell at a low price, have excellent fuel economy, and operate reliably, then those are the key specifications that the actual vehicle must meet in order to have a high quality of conformance. If the vehicle were to have an oversized engine that provides more torque than necessary, it would have a low quality of conformance, because including such an engine would increase the price of the truck and result in lower fuel economy.
A management technique is to track how persistently a product or service is measured close to the outer boundary established for conformance. If the measurement remains near the boundary for a significant period of time, it is likely that a breach of the measurement threshold will occur soon, so management can begin to direct attention to rectifying the issue. For example, a flight departure that is consistently within just a few moments of the maximum allowable departure threshold should be investigated. Such investigations may locate problems that can be rectified, or perhaps detect intentional measurement errors to keep the reported amounts within the conformance threshold.
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