Chapter 13: Streams and Flooding 13.0 Streams and Flooding Briefly described som
ID: 120908 • Letter: C
Question
Chapter 13: Streams and Flooding
13.0 Streams and Flooding
Briefly described some features associated with the Yukon River of Alaska.
13.1 What Are Stream Systems?
Sketch and describe the variables plotted on a hydrograph and what this type of graph indicates.
Describe how shape and slope of a drainage basin affects a hydrograph.
Sketch and describe how the distribution of tributaries influences a stream’s response to precipitation.
Sketch three kinds of drainage patterns, and discuss what controls each type.
13.2 How Do Streams Transport Sediment and Erode Their Channels?
Sketch and describe how a stream transports solid and dissolved material.
Sketch and explain the processes by which a stream erodes into its channel and which sites are most susceptible to erosion.
Sketch and describe turbulent flow.
Describe some aspects of erosion and deposition in bedrock channels.
13.3 How Do Streams Change Downstream or Over Short Time Frames?
Describe and sketch how to calculate a gradient for a stream.
Describe how gradient and other parameters change downstream.
Describe how velocity relates to sediment size and capacity.
Describe why discharge might change from season to season.
13.4 What Factors Influence Profiles of Streams?
Sketch and describe the typical profile of a stream.
Describe the concept of base level and how it is expressed in a typical mountain-
to-sea landscape.
Summarize factors that influence a stream’s profile and behavior.
13.5 Why Do Streams Have Curves?
Sketch and describe the difference between braided, low-sinuosity, and high-sinuosity (meandering) streams.
Sketch or describe how velocity and channel profile vary in a meandering stream, and what features form along different parts of bends.
Sketch or describe the evolution of a meander, including how a cutoff meander forms and how it can lead to an oxbow lake.
13.6 What Happens in the Headwaters of Streams?
Describe how stream channels form.
Describe some of the landforms associated with the headwaters of mountain streams.
Describe why sediment is deposited along mountain fronts in alluvial fans.
Describe how mountain streams get their sediment.
13.7 What Features Characterize Braided Streams?
Describe the characteristics and settings of braided streams.
Describe the types of sediment that braided streams carry and deposit.
Describe how and why stream processes are investigated in laboratory tanks.
13.8 What Features Characterize Low-Gradient Streams?
Sketch or describe the features that accompany low-gradient rivers, explaining how each forms.
Describe the character of meander scars and oxbow lakes on the floodplains of meandering rivers.
Sketch or describe anastomosing channels and yazoo streams.
Explanation / Answer
SOLUTION:-13.
The Yukon River is the longest river in Yukon & Alaska. Third longest river in North America, flowing northwest from the Coastal Range mountains of northern British Columbia, through the Yukon Territory and Alaska to the Bering Sea. it has a subarctic climate with relatively warm, short summers; but the treeless upper mountain slopes, where there are no weather stations, are classified as having an Arctic climate. Bitterly cold air masses from Siberia or the Arctic Ocean cross Alaska and Yukon territory throughout the long, dark winter, but occasional warm air masses from the Pacific Ocean can penetrate over the high barrier of the St. Elias Mountains and bring warmer winter temperatures to the Whitehorse area. January mean temperatures are about -24 °F at Dawson and about -6 °F at Whitehorse. The valley of the Yukon is believed by some anthropologists to have been the main immigration route for North America’s first human inhabitants. During very cold winter weather, the frozen ground contracts and creates deep cracks that fill with snowmelt water the following spring. This water then freezes in the crack and never melts, because the ground stays frozen year-round. After many cycles of cracking and freezing in the same place, the wedge can get a foot or more wide, like the ice wedges shown in the photos along the Yukon River, causing the formation of polygon-shaped areas on the ground surface that are visible from the air and satellite imagery.
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