The questions are about the origin and fates of new genes Outline the processes
ID: 132178 • Letter: T
Question
The questions are about the origin and fates of new genes
Outline the processes through which genes originate, and discuss cellular functions that can (a) enhance the origination of genes, and can (b) limit the evolution of new genes, What possible fates can you predict for newly arisen genes, and what stresses might result in a change of their relative frequency? Explain Do protein-coding genes and genes that do not code for proteins arise at differing rates? Explain the patterns we can see, and discuss why these patterns occur. a. b. c.Explanation / Answer
a. Some of the processes or activities responsible for the origin of genes are;
(a). The cellular functions that enhance the origin of genes are;
(b) The evolution of the new genes can be limited by genetic drift and natural selection. By genetic drift, some genes disappear or do not produce at all due to variation in genotype's relative frequency and by natural selection when individuals with certain genotypes are more likely than individuals with other genotypes to survive and reproduce.
b. The fate of newly arisen genes may lead to counterselection against individuals with an extra copy (or) accumulation of random mutations in the gene leads to its inactivation (or) completely it may have novel functionality.
Natural selection and genetic drift are the mechanisms that cause changes in relative frequencies of novel genes. Genetic drift is a two-phase process. In the first phase genetic drift causes each subdivision to undergo a random walk in allele frequencies to explore new combinations of genes. In the second phase a new favorable combination of alleles is fixed.
c. The protein coding genes arise at faster rate compared to non-protein coding genes due to the presence of more number of exons. Even the mutation rates differ between non coding RNAs and coding mRNAs as the promoters of the non coding RNA against the promoters of coding mRNAs suggests that the non coding RNA promoters are more conserved.
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