8. Simple animals (jellyfish, planaria, etc) have simple “embryos” that are free

Question

8. Simple animals (jellyfish, planaria, etc) have simple “embryos” that are free-living. How does an aquatic environment meet the needs of these embryos/larvae in place of extraembryonic membranes?

9. What reproductive problems did animals face during the transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments?

10.. Name the innovation that allowed reproductive independence from the water.

11. Describe the importance of an intromittent organ (penis) in males for terrestrial reproduction.

12. Compare and contrast the female reproductive system of amphibians and monotremes. In what ways are reptiles intermediate?

13. What is the difference between a cloaca and a vulva? Why would a vulva be preferable for live birth?

14. Why would a cervix be adaptive when retaining an embryo in the mother’s body?

Explanation / Answer

ans 8-simlpe animals do not have extraembryonic membrane their embryo develope in water, water meets their requirements by providing food and optimum temperature instead of all this embryo's body also modified to adapt living in waterthey attach itself to water body substratum.

ans 9- Amphibians were the first vertebrates that can live in both water and land.They face so many problems during their transition from aquatic to terrestrialbut during reproduction amphibian must return to the aquatic enviornment to lay their eggs because the sperm, egg or developing embryo must be protected from desiccation thats why they lay their egg and fertilize them in water.

ans10-The Amniotic Egg was the innovation that allowed reproductive independence from water. Due to amniotic eggs reptiles can lay their eggs nearly anywhere on dry place.

ans 11-Intromittent organ ate very important in males for terrestrial reproduction because it is the organ by which male deliver sperm to female body during copulation.

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