Hi, I\'am doing a two chapters of reflection for my class, so can you help me to

Question

Hi, I'am doing a two chapters of reflection for my class, so can you help me to find an example that is related to Big Ideas in Biology that I have below. The chapters that I'am doing is chapter 19 which is Virus and Prions and chapter 27 which is Bacteria and Arechaea.

Note: This is a two chapter, so can you help me to find two examples for each chapter

Find an specific example of content in this chapter that supports one of the BIBs. Why did you chose this example? 3-5 sentences.

Evolution is the fundamental organizing principle in biology - it explains both the unity and diversity of life. All living organisms share a common ancestor. Species evolve over time, and new species can arise when allele frequencies change due to mutation, natural selection, gene flow, or genetic drift. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection which includes variation, inheritance, change, and adaptation is supported by evidence from many sub-disciplines within biology and other disciplines of science.

Learning objectives:

Students will be able to explain the process of evolution by natural selection, including molecular mechanisms, and how that process has affected all life forms in the past and continues to do so today.

Students should also be able to explain historical and current examples.

Students should be able to summarize the evidence for evolution and modifications made to the basic Darwinian explanation (genetic drift and gene flow).

BIB 2: Biological Entities Function as Systems

Biological systems, such as molecules, cells, organisms, and ecosystems are made up of multiple components that interact to form complete networks. The consequences of this interaction are that the system possesses properties call "emergent properties" that are not possessed by the components and are unique to the system. Another consequence of this interaction is that if one of the components is changed, that can change the properties of the system.

Learning objectives:

Given a biological system, such as a molecule, cell, or single-celled organism you should be able to explain how the parts of the system interact to produce the emergent properties of the system.

Apply the scientific process by using models to predict or demonstrate how changes in one component affect the entire system.

BIB 3: Structure and Function of Biological Systems are Interdependent

Biological structures exist at all levels of organization, from molecules to ecosystems. A structure's physical and chemical characteristics influence its interactions with other structures, and therefore its function. Fundamental structural units, and the molecular and cellular processes they participate in, are conserved through evolution and yield the extraordinary diversity of biological systems seen today.

Learning objectives:

Given the different levels within the hierarchy of science in general and biology in particular, students will be able to analyze the interrelationships between structural elements at each level and the functions performed.

Students will also be able to predict the resulting changes that may occur when a structural element of a hierarchy is changed.

BIB 4: Matter and Energy are Required by Biological Systems

Biological systems are organized and regulated to operate as distinct entities separate, but dependent, on the environment around them. In order to maintain the dynamic steady-state, they must acquire matter and energy and so are subject to the laws of physics and chemistry whcih underlie processes such as metabolic pathways and homeostasis.  

Learning objectives:

Students will be able to explain the processes by which energy enters living organisms and what happens as it passes between and through all levels of the biological hierarchy.

Students will also be able to compare and contrast the processes by which matter moves through and between organisms/levels of organisms.

BIB 5: Information Processing and Transfer are Essential

All biological systems depend on specific interactions and information transfer between the components of the system and between the different system levels. Information exchange between components of a system form the basis of the successful functioning of that system, whether it be a cell, and organism, or an ecosystem.

Learning objectives:

Students will be able explain how information is stored in biological systems, how it is accurately replicated, and how the information is processed and used by individual cells/organisms.

Students will also be able to explain how genetic and epigenetic information flows between generations and the patterns of inheritance that result.

Students will describe multiple mechanisms that system from cells to organisms have multiple mechanisms to perceive and respond to changing environmental conditions.

Explanation / Answer

BIB 2; Two such examples are single celled organisms,

1) E coli single celled prokaryote, gram negative, facultative anaerobe.

Reason for choosing this

A. Circular chromosome of 4.6Mb genome which is

B. Short doubling time of 20 min.

C. Easy to grow and handle.

2) Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) single celled eukaryote

A. commercially very important for brewing industry.

B. Very important model system used for the genetic studies such as meiosis, crossing over, tetrad analysis.

C. Easy to grow and less number of chromosomes.

BB- 3)TWO SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF THESE INCLUDES

1) EXAMPLES OF POND ECOSYSTEM-

Different biotic and abiotic components interact with each other in pond ecosystem which show interdependence on each other.

The photic zone where the light penetration is maximum shpports the photosynthetic organisms and plants which perform photosynthesis to support the other organisms

All the biotic and abiotic components show interdependance.

Different feeder group such as shreders, filter feeders , grazers and predators reding on different depth forms a interconnecting food web that support this ecosystem.

2) TROPICAL RAIN FOREST ECOSYSTEM-

Tropical rain forest displays unique stratification, tier up arrangement which supports variety of plants and living organisms.

This arrangement is due to the light availability which regulates different types of plants such as long trees, grasses, short trees. Plants which derive more sunlight grow maximum whereas those which lie beneath them under shady region remain short in height. This stratified arrangement support organisms ranging from lamurs, monkeys(hoofed mammals, bird and variety of insect) depending on the range of food availabilities.

BB 4) Two exmples will be

A) ENERGY TRANSFER THROUGH FOOD CHAIN-

Energy is transfered to different trophic levels via food chain. Only 10 % energy is transfered to the next level, the ramaining is dissipated n form of heat .

The energy tarnsfered to the next level is used by them to sustain their cellular processes.

Maximum energy is trapped by the green plants which perform photosynthesis.

Green plants contributes to the maximum biomas.

B) TRANSFER OF ORGANIC MATTER DURING THE PROCESS OF SUCCESSION-

BB 5) TWO EXAMPLES OF THIS INCLUDES-

1. INFORMATION TRANSFER IN BACTERIA VIA 2 COMPONENT SYSTEM-

It serves to link the outside environmental cues to the internal environment such as presence of attractant or repellant,. The external stimuli or cues are connected via this through a phospho relay system.

The kinase protein attached over the extracellular surface in presence of stimuli undergoes change in conformation and activated, this is further propogated to the downstream kinases via upon activation tarnsduces the signal to the nucleus/ or the flagellar motor to generate response to the stimuli.

2. INFORMATION TRANSFER IN LIVING CELL FROM DNA TO PROTEINS VIA REPLICATION --TRANSCRIPTION AND THEN TRANSLATION.

The genetic information stored in form of string of baes(nucleotides) is passed on to the daughter cells by duplicating the DNA, This DNA is further transcribed to form mRNA which is read in form of codons to generate polypeptide. The polypeptide is further molded into a functional protein to perform the necessary functions and enzymatic activities.

This transfer of information to mediate cellular processes is important for the sustainence of the cell.

The information relay is required to maintain the blue print in the subsequent daughter cells arising from the parent cell.

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