I have a exam comming up and i am struglging can you please answer these questio

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I have a exam comming up and i am struglging can you please answer these question in as much details as possible please do not leave small answers, if you going to just write a few sentences and ignore questions pelase do not waste my question as i will just give it a negative review.

38 Answer ALL parts of this question (a) What are the THREE base pair modifications that contribute to a mutagenic effect? (3 marks) (b) Describe what is meant by base pair transformation? (4 marks) (c) What is meant by a frame shift mutation? (4 marks) (d) Describe how compound X, an unknown compound, may be tested for mutagenicity using the Ame's test. (9 marks)

Explanation / Answer

Question 1. What are the three base pair modifications that contribute to a mutagenic effect?

Base pair can be modified by following ways which can show the mutagenic effect:

DNA Methylation leads to change in DNA. This change can be induced by s-adenosylmethionine.

Glycosylation: - Reducing sugars induce the mutation by glycosylation.

Addition of compounds: - Aflatoxin, Aromatic amines, and Alkaloids form the reactive oxygen species. These metabolites inhibit the normal function of DNA. These can block and cause the replication error. These compounds induce the conformational change in DNA also.

Question 3. What is meant by a frame shift mutation?

Frame shift mutation is change in DNA sequence by addition or removal of nucleotides. This change in DNA sequence will result in change in reading frame. Reading frame is triplet form of nucleotide. Frame shift will alter the triplet codon which results in change in expression of protein also. The sequence will become too short or long that will be functionally inactive most of time.

Question 4. Describe how compound X, an unknown compound may be tested for mutagenicity using Ame’s Test?

Ame’s test used to find the mutagenic behavior of the compound. As per experimental detail their X compound with His strain + Liver cell homogenate used. They showed the growth over the minimal media. But in absence of X compound the combination of his strain + liver cell homogenate unable to grow in minimal media culture.

Experimental detail: - A rat liver live cell homogenate was prepared (S5). After that this S5 strain combined with his- Salmonella bacteria which lack histidine. This bacterium will unable to grow on minimal media. When third unknown compound added in combination of salmonella strain and rat liver cell, which induces the growth of this bacterium. So this unknown compound is acting mutagenic compound.

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