An eye diagram is a means to visualize the voltage margin that results when a bi

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An eye diagram is a means to visualize the voltage margin that results when a bit sequence is transmitted through a channel using a particular signaling scheme. The 'eye' is the result of superimposing the signal of all bit periods onto each other. An NRZ eye diagram with 4 bit periods is shown below. Draw a PAM-4 eye diagram with 2 bit periods using the same vertical voltage axis (same minimum and maximum voltage levels). Inspecting the NRZ and PAM-4 eyes above, it can be seen that a disadvantage of PAM- 4 is lower tolerance to noise due to the smaller vertical eye openings. How much lower is the SNRdB of PAM-4 versus NRZ?

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