Our understanding of genetic inheritance and the function of DNA in producing th

Question

Our understanding of genetic inheritance and the function of DNA in producing the characteristics of the individual have been developing for more than 150 years. Consider our current state of knowledge. Link genetic characteristics to DNA structure. Explain how DNA through the process of protein synthesis is responsible for the ultimate expression of the characteristics in the organism. Describe how interference in protein synthesis can result in disruption of cellular and bodily processes? How does the significance of one class of proteins, the enzymes, relate to the importance of proper nutrition throughout life?

Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time. List and describe his principles and describe how each contributes to genetic variability. How might biology have be different if his discoveries had not been lost for decades? Be prepared to discuss the significance of Mendel’s discoveries to modern biology.

Explanation / Answer

Answer
Central dogma of life is DNA transcribe the mRNA through the process of transcription and mRNA translate into a sequence of amino acid called protein through the process of translation.
Transcription is the biological process in which mRNA is transcribe on the DNA strand using as template. A complex structure known as RNA polymerase binds to the template and arrange the nitrogenous base in an order complementary to the template sequence in the direction 5’-3’.It starts from transcription initiation site(TSS) after binding of activating molecule to the TATA box ~30bp upstream to TSS.
After transcription, translation of generated mRNA takes place in which this strand is decoded in the form of binding the amino acid using tree nucleotide base for on amino acid and polymer of amino acid is generated known as protein after consumption of ATP energy. It initiate from start site (AUG,GUG) and terminate at stop site (UAA,UAG,UGA)
Protein further undergo posttranscriptional modification such as addition of lipids, carbohydrate, methylgroup, acetylgroup and so on this will further change the protein molecule in functional tertiary structure which give morphological characteristic.
Any kind of mutation in the nucleotide base (at DNA level or RNA level) can change the amino acid sequence and this will generate defective protein or non functional protein leads to diseases and defect in morphological characters.

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