1) Enzymes are important biological molecules that we have discussed through thi
ID: 209252 • Letter: 1
Question
1) Enzymes are important biological molecules that we have discussed through this course. Describe how the structure of an enzyme can contribute to its specific function within a cell.
a) Dicuss several factors/conditions that could modify the structure and/or function of an enzyme using specific examples (i.e beta-galactosidase/lactase).
b) At the tertiary or quaternary level of organization what would happen if a mutation were to occur in the primary protein sequence coding for an enzyme? Describe different types of mutations that can occur in the protein sequence and how would this affect the different levels of protein folding (structure) and the activity of the enzyme (function)? Remember hemoglobin and what occurs in Sickle cell disease.
Explanation / Answer
ANS) Enzymes are the biological catalyst which help in speeding up biological reactions that happen in our body. For example: Lactase that breaksdown lactose sugar present in milk for its complete digestion in our body, Amylase present in saliva that helps in breaking down of our food into simple sugars as soon as we start chewing it, etc. The structures of enzyme contributes to specific functions since they have a dynamic site, at which the biochemical reactions tend to increase. catalyst has the particular shape and utilitarian gatherings to tie to the responding substrates. Consequently the dynamic site contains few synergist amino acids, which are basic in catalyzing the response. The substrate particle can tie to the dynamic site through non-covalent collaborations.
ANS a) Factors affecting the enzymatic functions are:
Every enzyme has its Optimum pH esteems which affect the bonds between their H+ and OH-Ions such that the state of their Active Site is the most Complementary to the state of their Substrate. At the Optimum pH, the rate of response is at an ideal.
Changing the Enzyme and Substrate influence the enzyme activity rate by managing its protein action and Metabolism.
Expanding Substrate Concentration builds the rate of enzymatic response such that more substrate particles will slam into protein atoms.
Expanding Enzyme Concentration will build the rate of response, as more catalysts will crash into substrate atoms.
For example: Beta-galactosidase catalyses lactose into galactose and glucose which will continue into glycolysis. A fast -galactosidase test was utilized to decide the relative movement of industrially accessible lactase tests at various temperatures. Four catalysts displayed low-temperature action and were added to refrigerated crude and purified drain at different focuses and permitted to respond for different timeframes. The level of lactose hydrolysis by every one of the chemicals as a component of time and protein fixation was controlled by HPLC. The 2 most dynamic proteins, as dictated by the -galactosidase measure, hydrolyzed more than 98% of the lactose in 24h at 2°C utilizing the provider's suggested dose. The other 2 compounds hydrolyzed more than 95% of the lactose in 24h at double the provider's suggested measurements at 2°C. Results were steady in all drain writes tried. The outcomes demonstrated that hydrolysis lactose amid refrigerated capacity of drain is possible and so it is utilized as an effective enzyme now.
ANS b) If mutation occurs in primary sequence of coding in enzymes the tertiary and quaternary structures will change henceforth changing the complete structure of the enzyme which as i described above is the vital part of an enzyme to work. Thus, the structural changes will lead to change in the active sites of the enzyme which will affect the enzyme's activity in a reaction.
ANS) Different types of mutations that occur in protein sequences are:
ANS) Sickle cell anemia is caused by mutation in the gene that helps in production of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin tends to carry oxygen in red blood cells. At the point when red platelets conveying mutant hemoglobin are denied of oxygen, they move toward becoming sickle form rather than the typical round shape.This shape intrude on blood flow and the mutation at DNA level spreads up to the level of the total living being.
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