8. Why is it difficult to develop drugs for viral infections? 1pt 9. What is den

Question

8. Why is it difficult to develop drugs for viral infections? 1pt 9. What is denaturation of proteins? Is this an effective means of killing bacteria? 2 pts 10. What is dessication? Is this an effective means of killing bacteria? 2pts 11. When using heat for microbial control, which is better, moist heat or dry heat? Why? 2pts 12. Name one genus of bacteria that commonly produce antibiotics. 1pt 13. Name one genus of mold that commonly produces antibiotics. 1p 14. What are synergistic effects? 1pt 15. Generally speaking, what chemical agents can be applied directly to the skin called? 1pt

Explanation / Answer

8. difficult to developed of drugs

It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without damaging the body's tissues. Because different type viruses effect by different type of drugs. Viruses are live and reproduce in a cell that’s why drugs do not work against viruses. Antibiotics are substances that kill bacteria or stop their growth. Unfortunately, they are less effective against viruses than they are against bacteria. Making them difficult to target due to unrecognized of host’s cell membranes and virus' external covering, known as the viral envelope.

9. Protein Denaturation

Proteins or nucleic acids have three structures in their native state, called quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure. By using some external stress or compound such as strong acid or concentrated inorganic salt, radiation or heat, proteins are going to lose their such structures, this process called protein denaturation.

Proteins or polypeptides are polymers of chains of amino acids. The sequence of the amino acid is known as the primary structure. The chains fold up to form complex three-dimensional shapes. The chains can fold on themselves locally which is called secondary structure and wrap around themselves to form a specific three-dimensional shape, called tertiary structure. Denatured proteins lose their three-dimensional structure. Basically cooked foods are denatured.

A classic example of denaturing in proteins comes from egg whites. Fresh from the eggs, egg whites are transparent and liquid. After cooked egg whites turn them opaque, forming an interconnected solid mass.

Kills microorganisms or bacteria by denaturing their enzymes and other proteins. Heat resistance varies widely among microbes. This is an effective process.

10. Desiccation:

In biology and ecology desiccation refers to the drying out of a living organism, such as when aquatic animals are taken out of the water, or when plants are exposed to sunlight. Often some sort of humidity indicator is included in the desiccator to show, by color changes. A desiccant is hygroscopic which attracts and holds water, that type of substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container. This process is also used for food preservation to removing water from the food, which prevents the growth of microorganisms.Some desiccants are Calcium Chloride, Calcium Sulfate, Magnesium Sulfate, Silica Gel, Sodium, Sucrose etc.

A desiccant is a substance that absorbs water. It is most commonly used to remove humidity that would normally degrade or even destroy products sensitive to moisture. So it can be used just to control or prevent the growth of bacteria, not an effective process to kill them.

11. moist heat vs. dry heat, to control microbial growth:

Moist heat is generally more effective than dry heat for killing microorganisms because of its ability to penetrate microbial cells is more than the dry heat. Moist heat utilizes hot air that is heavily laden with water vapor and where this moisture plays the most important role in the process of sterilization. Moist heat Sterilization involving lower temperature and high-pressure of water which is the most effective way to kill the microorganisms by denaturing their proteins. It also may melt lipids in cytoplasmic membranes.

Advantages of the Moist Heat Sterilization

12. Antibiotic production can be developed into three methods: natural fermentation, semi-synthetic, and synthetic. All of the antibiotics, less than 1% of antimicrobial agents have medical or commercial value. For example, whereas Penicillin has a high therapeutic index as it does not generally affect human cells. Other antibiotics simply lack advantage over that already in use or have no other practical applications. Useful antibiotics are often discovered using a screening process.

13. Penicillium is the most useful mold that plays the most important role in the natural environment as well as food and drug production. The genus was first described in the scientific literature by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link. It has thallus which typically consists of a highly branched network of multinucleate, septate, usually colorless hyphae. Penicillium species are present in the air and dust of our usual common environments, such as homes and public buildings. The fungus can be readily transported from the outdoors, and grow indoors using building material or accumulated soil to obtain nutrients for growth. Penicillium growth can still occur indoors even if the relative humidity is low, as long as there is sufficient moisture available on a given surface. In addition to their importance in the food industry, species of Penicillium serve in the production of a number of biotechnologically produced enzymes and other macromolecules, such as gluconic, citric, and tartaric acids,

14. An effect arising between two or more agents, entities, factors, or substances that produces an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects is called a synergistic effect. It is opposite of antagonism. For example, the concept is an important consideration in occupational health and safety whenever multiple hazards are present in the workplace, which interacting together to produce an effect that is greater than the cumulative effect that those processes produce when used individually.

15. Chemical agents are used to controlling for microbial growth are either microbiocidal or microbiostatic. Microbiostatic agents kill some cells and inhibit the growth of others. Most commonly used Chemical agent is  Antiseptics, which are synthetic compounds which kill or prevent the growth of microbes on the surface of the skin and can be used directly to the skin.

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