2nd question This experiment not only demonstrates artificial transformation, bu

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2nd question

This experiment not only demonstrates artificial transformation, but also shows how bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance by transferring genes for antibiotic resistance that are encoded on plasmids. List three physiological ways by which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics after they acquire the resistance genes. What function can these genes encode that makes the cells resistant to a specific antibiotic? 2 3 How does CaCl, and heat shock treatment enhance the uptake of DNA by bacteria during the transformation process?

Explanation / Answer

(2)Answer:

CaCl2 treatment is don to induce artificial competence for transformation. Calcium is meant to neutralize negative charges at the cell surface and therefore avoid electrostatic repulsion between cell and phosphates of DNA molecule. Heat shock creates local strong temperature gradients and disruptive currents in the system that results in some of the DNA being taken up into the cell through the adhesion zone pores.

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