What makes these diseases significant: Atherosclerosis, Cancer, and schizophreni

Question

What makes these diseases significant: Atherosclerosis, Cancer, and schizophrenia ?

What is a vector? How do they function in gene therapy?

List and discuss three ethical issues that arise with gene therapy. How and who will decide that which trait is normal and what is abnormal and responsible for the disorder?

Complete the table for the following types of vectors:

Retrovirus: Description Pros                              Cons

Adenovirus: Description Pros                              Cons

Liposomes: Description Pros                              Cons

Genegun: Description Pros                              Cons

Explanation / Answer

Atherosclerosis- In our body arteris carry blood from heart to all over the body. In Atherosclerosis, the arteries become narrow as plaques are formed inside the arteries. In some situations, these plaques can block the normal blood flow inside the artery and leads to a life threatning situation.

Cancer- In cancer, abnormal cell starts to grow in specific organ or body part. These cells grows without control and can spreads and invades to any other tissues of body.

schizophrenia - This is type of mental disease which is often associated with symptoms lik hallucinations, delusions, or other behavioural difficulties, It is thought the inherited factors in connection with environmental factor can lead to schizophrenia.

Vector- In gene therapy, recombinant DNAs are inserted into cells, Vectors such as viruses are used as carrier and deliver DNAs inside the cell. In gene therapy vectors are utilized for carrying the desired gene inside the cell.

Retroviruse- This is a virus vector used to deliver gene inside the host cell. retrovirus can easily get attached with the host genome and can produce DNA copy of RNA genome with the help of reverse transcriptase enzyme.

pros: It can integrates with the host genome in a stable manner

          The immunogenecity level is low.

cons: They are able to carry only small size insert

             Sometimes they get attached to another site in the host rather than the desired site and can disrupt the required functions of host.

Adenovirus- This is widely used as viral vector in several instances like cancer therapy or in vaccine. IN adenovirus some genes are deleted to insert the foreign DNA which carries the therapeutic DNA cassette.

pros- They do not have any toxic or inflamatory effect.

         They are able to carry transduction in non dividing cell.

cons- Their packaging capacity is not bery high

           production of this viral vector in large scale is difficult.

Liposomes- They are partcularly useful for carrying drug to the site of applicaiton. Liposomes are made of phospholipid molecules which encircle a droplet of water.

pros.- they do not show off target effects.

cons- not enough stable.

genegun- genegun is use for the particle delivery inside the host cell. They are consists of DNA projectiles which are made with gold nanoparticles.

pros. can perform multiple site insertion

cons .can perform tissue damage while delivering.

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