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1. Structure of DNA and RNA
a. RNA is a ___________________ whereas DNA is…
b. What three parts do they have in common?
c. What sugar is in place of deoxyribose in RNA?
d. What base is in place of thymine in RNA?
2. DNA replication:
a. First step: ____zip it
b. Can only add new bases on the ____prime end.
c. Lagging strand has to ___________ stitch
3. Central Dogma:
a. Who coined the term?
b. It explains how DNA > RNA >
c. First step:
d. The copy of DNA is called:
e. DNA stays within the
f. mRNA will feed through a (big green structure):
g. tRNA brings in
h. amino acids are the building blocks of
i. Translation: mRNA >
j. Phenotypes: what you physically ….
k. Changes to the DNA will ultimately cause changes in the
l. The extended phenotype: an ___________________ of genes and selected for. The behavior is selected for.
4. Genetic Engineering:
a. Since DNA is ____________________________ you can insert genes from humans into:
b. You can even insert human genes into:
Explanation / Answer
1. Structure of DNA and RNA
a. RNA is a single helix whereas DNA is a double helix
b. What three parts do they have in common? Sugar, Phosphate and Base
c. What sugar is in place of deoxyribose in RNA? Ribose Sugar
d. What base is in place of thymine in RNA? Uracil
Explanation: DNA is composed of polynucleotides, have a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and nitrogen containing bases like Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. DNA has a double helix structure whihc formed by hydrogen bonds between polynucleotides. DNA is densely compacted into chromosomes to fit into nucleus.
While RNA also polynucleotides and has phosphate group, ribose sugar and nitrogen containing bases like adenine, uracil (in place of thymine), cytosine, guanine. It is single stranded and moves out of the nucleus for protein synthesis.
2. DNA replication:
a. First step: Unzip it
b. Can only add new bases on the 3' prime end.
c. Lagging strand has to back stitch
Explanation: Helicase unzips double helix of DNA into two strands. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to an existing strand on the 3' prime end. Ligase brings together the okazaki fragments by back stitching. Topoisomerases can reduce DNA coil by breaking and rejoining one or both strands of DNA molecule. RNA primase catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primers.
3. Central Dogma:
a. Who coined the term? Francis Crick
b. It explains how DNA > RNA > Proteins > Phenotypes > You
c. First step: Transcription
d. The copy of DNA is called: mRNA (messenger RNA)
e. DNA stays within the NUCLEUS
f. mRNA will feed through a (big green structure): Ribosome
g. tRNA brings in Aminoacid
h. amino acids are the building blocks of Proteins
i. Translation: mRNA > Protein
j. Phenotypes: what you physically look like
k. Changes to the DNA will ultimately cause changes in the Phenotype (DNA> RNA > PROTEINS > PHENOTYPE)
l. The extended phenotype: an extension of genes and selected for. The behavior is selected for.
Explanation: Francis Crick coined the term Central dogma which states that information flows from DNA to RNA and to proteins. Proteins define the phenotypes which ultimately gives the characteristic to the physical appearance of an organism. Transcription is a process of copying a strand of DNA to produce RNA. Translation is the process of convertion of mRNA message into a polypeptide or protein. RNA acts as a temporary copy of DNA which binds to the ribosome for protein synthesis. tRNA (transfer RNA) brings the amino acids
4. Genetic Engineering:
a. Since DNA is interchangeable you can insert genes from humans into plasmid of bacteria
b. You can even insert human genes into safflower
Explanation: The process of manipulating DNA to make changes in a living organism is called as genetic engineering. Plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA which is found naturally in bacteria and used for insertion of human genes of interest for making copies. Human genes are now being inserted into safflower thus making the protein synthesis more cost effective.
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