Thanks, I rate quick!!! Read the paper: \"T from the New England Journal of Medi
ID: 280951 • Letter: T
Question
Thanks, I rate quick!!! Read the paper: "T from the New England Journal of Medicine. Write a summary of the paper (rhalf pa typed) that addresses the following (or, you can just answ prefer). he Path to Cancer-Three Strikes and You're Out" by Vogelstein and Kinzler er the questions individually if you In general, what has sequencing of the coding DNA from over 22,000 tumors revealed . The authors make the distinction between genetic alterations that occur in a persons about cancer? tumor DNA but not their germline DNA. What is the significance of this difference? What is a driver gene? What are "passenger" mutations? Why would a pre-cancerous lesion "share some, but not all of the driver gene mutations" that are present in the cancer that evolved from the pre-cancerous lesion? . . . What are the three phases of cancer evolution? How do they differ in terms of the . The authors say the following: "Every cell in a typical cancer has the same set of driver . Why did the authors title this paper: "The Path to Cancer-Three Strikes and You're number of driver gene mutations? mutations." Why does this principal have important clinical implications? Out"
Explanation / Answer
1. It has revealed that there are driver genes for common cancers, they give a growth advantage to the cell that can lead it to become tumoral. Also, they function through a limited number of pathways that regulates the growth and fate of the cell. Finally, there are also passenger mutations that happened randomly and affects the growth of the tumoral cell.
2. As the mutations are present in the tumor DNA and not the germline, it means the mutations are not present in the germline cells (the cells that will produce sperm and eggs), it will not be inherited to their children.
3. Driver genes are genes that when mutated give the tumor cell a growth advantage over the other ones in the sorroundings and that are not tumoral.
4. Passenger mutations are mutations that happen to occurr coincidentally in the path of the creation of the tumor, they ocurred randomly.
5. Because as the cancer develops new driver gene mutations happen, so in the pre cancerous lesion only some of them have happened, not all of them.
6. The breakthrough phase the cell begins to proliferate abnormally because of a driver gene mutation. In the expansion phase, the cell begins to thrive in its local environment due to a second driver gene mutation despite the low concentration of growth factors, nutrients, oxygen and cell to cell contacts (now we have two driver gene mutations). Finally, the invasive phase consist in the ability of the cell to invade normal tissue and grow in otherwise hostile environments, and could be for one or more driver mutation genes.
7. First, targeted therapies are possible if the lesions have the same driver mutations. Second, there should be a treatment base on the genetic basis rather than the cell type in which they arose.
8. Because in adult solid tumor alterations on three driver genes seemes to be enough for a cell to grow in an advanced tumor.
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