0 lu aehleve ful se are eomprehensive essay questions, not short answer question

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0 lu aehleve ful se are eomprehensive essay questions, not short answer questions. . Draw and explain Figure 11-14, which is about the lipid bilayer and lipid movement. 2. Define: protein, enzyme, nucleotide, DNA, RNA, unsaturated fatty acid, amino acid (draw one also),lipid bilayer, eukaryotic cell, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, intracellular, extracellular, cell cortex, cytosol, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, multipass transmembrane protein, and glycerol (also draw), hydrogen bond, ion, transcylosis, autophagy 3. Describe and explain in detail the sodium/potassium pump. Include how it functions, what energy is consumed, what the the related potassium leak channels, and what is actually going on with the sodium and potassium levels in the cells. resulting gradient is used for, how quickly it works... Be sure to include the effect on membrane associated electric charge. 4. Describe and explain osmosis. Give examples such as what would happenif What does it mean when I (Charlic) say that cells are like capacitors? What does it mean when I say they are like batteries? (Be sure to clearly define both of these terms and then relate them to cells. Iaclude how cefls get their charge.) 6. Explain the process of "sugaring" of lipids and proteins. Additionally, include where it occurs and how it is that it appears on the outside surface of the cells 7 Describe and explain in detail electrochemical gradients including ex.amples of the movernent of ions. Contrast this with uncharged molecules. Include what such gradients are used for S. Describe and esplain the ATPADP transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane as covered in class and found in the energy-harvesting chapler. Include what powers it. It is found on page Figure 14-18. (antiporv/electrogenic) 9. Both comprehensively and in detail, explain intracellular vesicular traffic and membrane distribution/redistribution within the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells 10. How do proteins, encoded by genes located in the sucleus, get made. processed, delivered, and transported across the membranes of mitochondria? What determines or directs these prot teins to the mitochondria? Also include all additional relevant information learned from the chapter How, when and where do the transmembrane proteins of the plasma membrane get imbedded into the membrane, and how do they gel to the plasma membrane (their path) 12 What determines if a protein is trafficked to the nucleus? Why do proteins of the same type sometimes get trafficked and ystem including what powers it. Include the information other times simply reside in the cylosol? Descrite the transport s found in figures 15-09 and 15-10 Describe and explained the complete details of the LDL transport system as shown in Figure 15-33 and explained in the sext. Include whatever other information that was discussed in class. What is the constitutive exocytosis pathway? Describe the secretory or regulated exoeytosis pathway, also including the regulation and control of molecular vesicles. Figure 15-35 is one on lysosomes. Draw and describe the anatomy and physiology of a lysosome. Describe and explain the formation, specific packaging, movement and fusion of vesicles

Explanation / Answer

Ans 11.Transmembrane proteins are proteins of integral membrane proteins which span the membrane. They are directed to the target membrane through the process of secretion.The information about the target is contained in the protein itself.The target can be recognised by the protein through target sequences which are present on the N terminal of the polypeptide.The protein which is synthesized in the endoplamsmic reticulum are recognized by signal recognition particle ( SRP) on the plasma membrane and delivery to target membrane the signal peptide is cleaved.

12. The factor that determines protein trafficking in the nucleus is Nuclear localization signals which are present only in nuclear proteins.The proteins are transported across the membrane of nucleus through nuclear pores.Low molecular weight proteins are transported through diffusion and high molecular weight proteins are transported through active tranport in which the pore dilates to send in or out the protein.The nuclear localization signals are recognized by the cytosolic proteins by nuclear import receptors which grab the protein by fibrils on the membrane.

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