In a survey n= 435 randomly selected adults were asked whether or not they smoke
ID: 3179180 • Letter: I
Question
In a survey n= 435 randomly selected adults were asked whether or not they smoked. The data shows the answers provided by male and female participants (47 participants did not respond, so they are counted as missing data)
1) Write the null and alternative hypotheses about the relationship between these two variables. Level of significance ( = .05)
Ho: No association exists between gender and opinion about legalization of marijuana
Level of significance ( = .05)
2) Conduct a crosstabs analysis and state:
a) Percent of females who smoke?
b) Percent of males who smoke?
c) X2 value?
3) Strength of relationship between the variables (For this case use Cramer’s V as Phi is sensitive to table size)
4) Write the results section based on your analysis
SPSS output provided below.
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid
Missing
Total
N
Percent
N
Percent
N
Percent
Gender * Smoking
388
89.2%
47
10.8%
435
100.0%
Gender * Smoking Crosstabulation
Smoking
Total
Yes
No
Gender
Males
Count
79
152
231
Expected Count
135.1
95.9
231.0
% within Gender
34.2%
65.8%
100.0%
% within Smoking
34.8%
94.4%
59.5%
% of Total
20.4%
39.2%
59.5%
Females
Count
148
9
157
Expected Count
91.9
65.1
157.0
% within Gender
94.3%
5.7%
100.0%
% within Smoking
65.2%
5.6%
40.5%
% of Total
38.1%
2.3%
40.5%
Total
Count
227
161
388
Expected Count
227.0
161.0
388.0
% within Gender
58.5%
41.5%
100.0%
% within Smoking
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
% of Total
58.5%
41.5%
100.0%
Chi-Square Tests
Value
df
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)
Exact Sig. (2-sided)
Exact Sig. (1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
138.926a
1
.000
Continuity Correctionb
136.463
1
.000
Likelihood Ratio
160.900
1
.000
Fisher's Exact Test
.000
.000
Linear-by-Linear Association
138.568
1
.000
N of Valid Cases
388
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 65.15.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Symmetric Measures
Value
Approximate Significance
Nominal by Nominal
Phi
-.598
.000
Cramer's V
.598
.000
N of Valid Cases
388
Gender * Smoking Crosstabulation
Count
Smoking
Total
Yes
No
Gender
Males
79
152
231
Females
148
9
157
Total
227
161
388
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid
Missing
Total
N
Percent
N
Percent
N
Percent
Gender * Smoking
388
89.2%
47
10.8%
435
100.0%
Explanation / Answer
a. the null and alternative hypotheses about the relationship between these two variables.
Null Hypotheis : H0 : p1 = p2, which means there is no difference between both gender's opinion about their smoking pattern
H1: p1 p2; which means there is significant difference between both gender's opinion.
Q2 (a) Percent of females who smoke =148/157 = 94.3%
b) Percent of males who smoke = 79/231 = 34.2%
c) X2 value = 138.926
Q.3 Strength of relationship between the variables by Cramer's V test = 0.598
Chi- square test tell that there is a significant relationship between two variables but how significant it is , it is told by cramer's test.
Cramér's V varies from 0 (corresponding to no association between the variables) to 1 (complete association) and can reach 1 only when the two variables are equal to each other. Here it is of value 0.6 so that shows that relationship between two variables are of medium level, medium strong.
By the CHi- square test and FIsher exact test, we can see that exact's signficance for 2- side is of 0.0000 level so p- value is of very low value and under significance level and there is stastistically difference. So, null hypothesis is valid. That means there is significant difference between smoking pattern of both genders.
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