Read the following descriptions andidentify the study designasecological, cross-

Question

Read the following descriptions andidentify the study designasecological, cross-sectional, case-control, cohort, or randomized controlled trial.Some might be used more than once.(1pt each)

1.A random digit dialing telephone survey was conducted to recruit a sample of individuals from a community and gather information about height, weight, gender, race/ethnicity, and diabetes. The survey revealed a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes in Hispanics than in non-Hispanics. (1pt)

2.State-level figures for fast food density (fast food restaurants per square mile) were calculated for all 50 states and compared to statewide obesity rate estimates obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. The analysis showed that obesity rates were significantly higher in states with a high density of fast food restaurants. (1pt)

3.A random sample of middle-aged sedentary adults was recruited from four census tracts, and each person was examined for coronary artery disease (CAD). All participants without disease were randomly assigned to either (1) a two-year program of aerobic exercise or (2) a two-year arthritis-prevention non-aerobic exercise program. Both groups were observed semiannually for incidence of CAD. (1pt)

4.In several local hospitals, patients admitted for carcinoma of the stomach and patients without a diagnosis of cancer were interviewed about their chewing tobacco history to assess the possible association between chewing tobacco and stomachcancer. (1pt)

5.Questionnaires were mailed to every 10th person listed in a city telephone directory. Each person was asked to list age, sex, smoking habits, and respiratory symptoms during the preceding seven days. Recent respiratory symptoms were twice as prevalentamong those who smoked cigarettes. (1pt)

6.A study investigated the incidence of prostate cancer in 58,279 men between the ages of 55 and 69, with subjects classified according to whether they had experienced caloric restrictions during childhood. Rates of prostate cancer were then compared forthose with evidence of caloric restriction and those that were not exposed to such deprivation. (1pt)

Explanation / Answer

1. Ecological study design (It is used to measure prevalence of a disease)

2. Cohort study design (Comparing cohort with similar characteristics)

3. Randomized control trials (Because each individual had the equal opportunity to be in the groups)

4. Cross-sectional design (Analyzing data from that particular population)

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