Discuss ethological theory. Discuss ecological theory. Explain the difference be

Question

Discuss ethological theory.

Discuss ecological theory.

Explain the difference between a gene and a chromosome, and explain how a baby’s sex is determined.

Identify the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins and describe how they are developed.

Discuss the causes and characteristics associated with chromosomal and genetic abnormalities.

Explain how Down’s syndrome occurs as well as its physical markers.

Describe how sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities occur.

Identify, compare, and contrast sex-linked genetic abnormalities (Hemophlia, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy).

Describe how studies of kinship, adopted children, and identical (monozygotic) versus fraternal (dizygotic) twins are used to explore the relative influences of nature (heredity) versus nurture (environment).

Define the following terms: ova, endometrium, sperm cells, and spontaneous abortion.

Discuss causes of infertility and methods couples can use to conceive.

Define, compare, and contrast the different stages of prenatal development (germinal, embryonic, and fetal).

Describe the role the amniotic sac, amniotic fluid, and placenta play in the development and delivery process.

Identify the different types of teratogens that can affect the developing fetus’ health as well as the developmental stage where harm can occur.

Describe the impact of drugs that are most likely to affect the healthy development of a fetus (aspirin, thalidomide, hormones, vitamins, heroin, methadone, marijuana, alcohol, cocaine, caffeine, and cigarettes).

Describe environmental effects on the fetus’ development such as prenatal exposure to lead and/or the parents’ age at conception.

Define and describe the germinal period of prenatal development.

Define and describe the embryonic period of prenatal development.

Define and describe the fetal period of prenatal development.

Describe the brain development that occurs during the prenatal period.

Define and describe the term teratogen and how teratogens affect the developing organism.

Discuss the effects of prescription and nonprescription drugs on the developing organism.

Discuss the methods of assessing the newborn.

Define the postpartum period.

Discuss the emotional and psychological adjustments a woman may experience during the postpartum period.

Explain how hormones help to begin the birthing process.

Compare a midwife delivery to a hospital delivery.

Describe the different types of anesthesia used during delivery.

Compare and contrast anesthesia delivery, natural childbirth, Lamaze method, and cesarean section delivery.

Describe the different assessment scales used with neonates.

List and explain the different types of reflexes.

Explain the classical conditioning process of neonates.

Describe the operant conditioning process of neonates.

Analyze the contributing factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

Analyze the findings of The Children’s Hospital Boston Study.

Explanation / Answer

Ethology is a study of behavior based on two core principles: behavior changes to achieve survival (sometimes referred to as an adaptive trait) behavioral traits are inherited The work of Charles Darwin laid the foundation for ethology. Darwin believed biological traits could adapt (or evolve) over time to promote survival. Ethological theories are in large part about how behavior adapts to better ensure survival and is passed down to the next generations. The ethological theory can be held in contrast to behavioral theories, which claim that behavior is learned. Learning could come from watching the parents, or just making associations, like a bird discovering that bugs can be found under rocks and continuing to exhibit the behavior of turning over rocks to find food. Ethological theory claims that our behavior is part of our biological structure. According to ethological theory, just as a child may receive certain physical characteristics passed on from a previous generation, so to the child inherits certain behavioral traits to survive. Explanations for behaviors, such as aggression and gathering food, are also part of ethological theories. One ethological theory, for example, suggests that colic babies cry often as a result of previous generations of neglect. Ecological systems theory was developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. He divided the environment into five different levels;the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem.Through the Bronfenbrenner Ecological Theory, Bronfenbrenner stressed the importance of studying a child in the context of multiple environments, also known as ecological systems in the attempt to understand his development. The microsystem is the system closest to the person and the one in which they have direct contact. Some examples would be home, school, daycare, or work. A microsystem typically includes family, peers, or caregivers. Relationships in a microsystem are bi-directional. In other words, your reactions to the people in your microsystem will affect how they treat you in return. This is the most influential level of the ecological systems theory. The next level of ecological systems theory is the mesosystem. The mesosystem consists of the interactions between the different parts of a person's microsystem. The mesosystem is where a person's individual microsystems do not function independently, but are interconnected and assert influence upon one another. These interactions have an indirect impact on the individual. If a child’s parents are actively involved in the friendships of their child, invite friends over to their house and spend time with them, then the child’s development is affected positively through harmony and like-mindedness. However, if the child’s parents dislike their child’s peers and openly criticize them, then the child experiences disequilibrium and conflicting emotions, probably affecting his development negatively. The exosystem pertains to the linkages that may exist between two or more settings, one of which may not contain the developing child but affects him indirectly nonetheless. Other people and places which the child may not directly interact with but may still have an effect on the child, comprise the exosystem. Such places and people may include the parents’ workplaces, the larger neighborhood, and extended family members. For example, a father who is continually passed up for promotion by an indifferent boss at the workplace may take it out on his children and mistreat them at home. The macrosystem is the largest and most distant collection of people and places to the child that still exercises significant influence on the child. It is composed of the child’s cultural patterns and values, specifically the child’s dominant beliefs and ideas, as well as political and economic systems. Children in war-torn areas, for example, will experience a different kind of development than children in communities where peace reigns. The chronosystem adds the useful dimension of time, which demonstrates the influence of both change and constancy in the child’s environment. The chronosystem may thus include a change in family structure, address, parent’s employment status, in addition to immense society changes such as economic cycles and wars. By studying the different systems that simultaneously influence a child, the Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory is able to demonstrate the diversity of interrelated influences on the child’s development. Awareness of contexts can sensitize us to variations in the way a child may act in different settings. Due to time limit,remaining questions can be asked as another question,they will be answered,thankyou for your cooperation

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