Think of 3 areas of lifespan development that interest you. Come up with a quest

Question

Think of 3 areas of lifespan development that interest you. Come up with a question that relates to each of these areas of interest. List which topic area (Physical Development Cognitive Development, Social &Personality; Development) and age range (Prenatal, Infancy, Preschool Middle Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood) each question addresses. Explain area of interest/question using 2 different theories (Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Humanistic, Contextual, Evolutionary). Example: Area of Interest: Childhood Aggression Question: Why are certain young children more aggressive than others? Topic Area(s): Cognitive, Social/Personality Age Range: Preschool Explain using 2 theories: Behavioral Perspective - Some children might witness their parent's or siblings engaging in aggressive behaviors in response to daily frustrations. These children may then learn hat aggressive behavior is an acceptable means of getting what they want. Aggressive children may also be the victims of abuse. These children may learn that is acceptable to aggress against another person. Cognitive Perspective - Aggressive children may process and interpret social situations differently and therefore respond to social stimuli aggressively. For example, a child may interpret accidental behavior as being intentionally hostile and respond aggressively. Area of Interest: Question: Topic Area(s) Age Range: Explain using 2 theories: Area of Interest: Question: Topic Area(s): Age Range: Explain using 2 theories: Area of Interest: Question: Topic Area(s): Age Range: Explain using 2 theories:

Explanation / Answer

1. Area of Interest: Maturation.

Question: How do we measure maturity?

Topic Area: Social Development.

Age Range: Adolescence

Theories:

Maturity is a psychological term used to indicate that a person responds to the circumstances or environment in an appropriate and adaptive manner. This response is generally learned rather than instinctive, and is not determined by one's age. Maturity also encompasses being aware of the correct time and place to behave and knowing when to act appropriately, according to the situation.

Traditional measures of physical maturity such as x-rays of particular bones are worrisome and expensive.

Psychodynamic Perspective: A non-invasive, practical technique exists for use with children and adolescents by measuring relative physical stature. Level of physical maturity is expressed as the ratio of present to estimated adult is stature. This estimate is calculated using published formulae applied to the parents' statures and the child's sex, age, weight and stature. Two children of the same age and height will have different relative statures if one is closer to his or her estimated adult height than is the other.

Physical growth is a highly regular process, but children differ tremendously in the timing of their growth spurts. Maturation studies how these timing differences are related to other variables like information processing speed.

Behavioral approach: Psychologist B.W. Roberts explains that in an explicit model of personality, one's personality must be viewed from both the perspective of the actor and the perspective of the observer. Therefore one's maturity is not measured solely on introspection, but by how others view one's maturity as well, in a feedbck loop. By this definition , feelings of other people for an individual are as important as the feeling of an individual about self and so it is important for individual to gain a certain level of maturity , as he grows older to earn the repect of others.

2. Area of Interest: Socialisation.

Question: What role does socialising play in personality development of an individual?

Topic areas: Behavioural/Social

Age range: Early childhood.

Theories:

Socialisation is a continuuous process by which child is influenced by others among whom the parents are the most important. It is a way of learning through which he or she starts functioning in accordance to those needs, which arise because of membershipto specific society.

Behaviorisitic approach: Behaviorist approach states that behavior, which is rewarded is repeated and behaviour, which is punished, is not exhibited.Hence, learning occurs due to rewards. Proponents of behavioristic theory tend to see people as essentially passive , and they assume that behaviour of a person is the output of environmental conditioning. However, Social learning theory of Bandura argues that learning does not occur due to rewards only. A good deal of learning occurs due to imitation. This type pf learning occurs in kore people, especially if the person exhibiting this behaviour is rewarded. Hence, people ofetn learn from their social environments even in the absence of direct rewards to them.

Development Approach: This plays greater emphasis on individual's internal interpretation of situations rather than external factors like rewards and punishments. The proponents of development approach acknowledge that a good deal of learning occurs because of external stimulus, expceted behavior and resulting reward repititions, but insist that people are essentially active, and not passive in this learning process. People judge, interpret, define and personally create their behaviour. The development approach is more humanistic as it places greater emphasis on human free will and choice.

3. Area of Interest: Emotions.

Question: Which are the main areas that drive an emotion?

Topic Area: Cognitive, Social, Behavioral.

Age range: Adulthood

Theories:

Word emotion comes from "Emover" which means, to move, stir and agitate i.e., it is stirred up stage of an organism whichimitates and directs behavior.

Emotions are studied under three point views:

Physiological theory: William James and Carl Lange proposed one of the earliest theories on the working of the emotions. This theory states that a stimulus immediately affects s nervous the autonomic nervous system and then the message is sent to the brain. Thus, when threatening stimulus is perceived (such as a snake) it creates a specific response with increase in blood pressure, heart rate and breathing. Because of these bodily changes person experiences emotions.

Cognitive theory: The two factor theroy of emotion is a social psychology theory that views emotion as having two components: physiological arousal and cognition. According to the theory, 'cognitions are used to interpret the meaning of physiological reactions to outside events." In all emotional states nervous system remains normal but aroused at differenr level, cognition helps to interpret this level.

Process of cognitive theory in sequence:

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