A neuron transmitting an impulse toward the CNS is called a: a. Efferent neuron

Question

A neuron transmitting an impulse toward the CNS is called a: a. Efferent neuron b. Motor neuron c. Effector d. Afferent neuron e. None of the above You are hiking in the woods when suddenly you see a rattlesnake in the path. You suddenly feel your heart rate increase, your mouth feels dry and your leg muscles feel ready to contract. The nervous system most likely involved is the: a. Parasympathetic b. CNS c. Afferent d. Somatic e. Sympathetic 20. 21. Your brain has contra microorganisms and damaged tissues is the: a. Astrocyte b. Ependymal cell c. Microglia d. All of the above are true e. None of the above is true 22. cted a bacterial infection. The glial cell most likely to phagocytize the 23. A nerve containing mostly afferent neurons is called a: a. Sensory nerve b. Mixed nerve c. Motor nerve All of the above are true You would expect astrocytes to have an intimate cellular relationship with d. 24. and a. Ependymal cells, microglia b. Capillaries, microglia c. Neurons, microglia d. Neurons, capillaries 25. Multiple sclerosis is a disease caused by: An autoimmune attack on motor endplate receptor sites a. b. A traumatic injury to the CNS A degradation of the myelin sheaths c. d. A tumor of the glial cells 26. Neurons bundled together in the CNS are called tracts. A. True B. False 27. An injury that severs or crushes a peripheral nerve has a zero chance of recovering sensation. a. True b. False

Explanation / Answer

20.d.afferent neurons.

Sensory Neurons- Sensory neurons carry electrical signals (impulses) from receptors or sense organs to the CNS. Sensory neurons are also called afferent neurons. The cell body of sensory neurons is outside the CNS in ganglia.

Motor Neurons- Motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to effector organs Motor neurons are also called efferent neurons. The cell bodies of motor neurons are inside the CNS.

Interneurons- These are also called intermediate, relay, or associative neurons. They carry information between sensory and motor neurons. They are found in the CNS.

21.e.sympathetic

The reaction begins in the amygdala, which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus. The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH. The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously, via the sympathetic nervous system, and releases the hormone epinephrine. The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol, which increases blood pressure, blood sugar, and suppresses the immune system. The initial response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create a boost of energy. This boost of energy is activated by epinephrine binding to liver cells and the subsequent production of glucose. Additionally, the circulation of cortisol functions to turn fatty acids into available energy, which prepares muscles throughout the body for response. Catecholamine hormones, such as adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine), facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action and :

Function of physiological changes

The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated in order to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running. Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include:

22. microglia

Microglia, the tissue macrophages of the brain, play a crucial role in recognition and phagocytic removal of apoptotic neurons. Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord. Microglia account for 10–15% of all cells found within the brain. As the resident macrophage cells, they act as the first and main form of active immune defence in the central nervous system (CNS).       

23.a.sensory nerve

The potential space between the dura and the bone of the cranium or vertebral canal is called the epidural space. These ganglia contain the cell bodies of cranial and spinal afferent (sensory) neurons. These ganglia contain the cell bodies of efferent (motor) neurons of the autonomic nervous system.

24.c. neurons and microglia

25.a.autoimmune attack on motor end plate receptor sites

Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves an immune-mediated process in which an abnormal response of the body’s immune system is directed against the central nervous system (CNS), which is made up of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves.

26.true

Neurons feature many long, slender projections termed axons, along which electrochemical nerve impulses are transmitted. In the central nervous system (CNS) bundles of these axons are called tracts, whereas in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) they are called nerves.

27.b.false

Crush injuries can cause many different degrees of neural damage that can represent any of the class of the schemes described by Seddon or Sunderland.Crush injuries typically occur from an acute traumatic compression of the nerve from a blunt object, such as a bat, surgical clamp or other crushing object that does not result in a complete transection of the nerve. The processes that occur in peripheral regeneration can be divided into the following major events: Wallerian degeneration, axon regeneration/growth, and nerve reinnervation. The events that occur in peripheral regeneration occur with respect to the axis of the nerve injury.

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