You work as a respiratory technician at the local hospital. Yesterday, you ran s
ID: 3521114 • Letter: Y
Question
You work as a respiratory technician at the local hospital. Yesterday, you ran spirometry and respiratory tests on 5 patients and they are summarized in the table above.
A. Calculate the inspiratory capacity for Mike and Jenna. Show your work.
B. Calculate the vital capacity for Lily. Show your work.
C. Calculate the functional residual capacity for Richard and Beth. Show your work.
D. Calculate the minute ventilation for Mike and Beth. Compare them to a normal value (see table 17.4 of the textbook). Show your work.
E. Calculate the alveolar ventilation for Lily and Jenna. Assume their dead space is 175 mL. Compare them to a normal value (see table 17.4 of the textbook). Show your work.
F. Match the patients with their most likely “diagnosis”. Choose between the following conditions: normal, heavy exercise, moderate exercise, asthma attack, hyperventilation, hypoventilation, pneumothorax, and lack of surfactant. Explain your answers.
BreathingTV rate ERV IRV RV TLC FEV? br/min Mike 25 enna Lily Richard 20 Beth 3500 325 500 750 250 725 800 1500 1400 700 575 2400 3000 2700 1450500 5800 5825 1000 6000 5850 2900 1000 2300 42% 78% 80% 75% 12 1000 15 Arterial PCO2Arterial pH Pip left lungPip right lung (mm Hg) 40.0 39.6 39.8 22.3 50.2 (mm Hg) (mm Hg) Mike Jenna Lil Richard Beth TV: tidal volume; ERV: expiratory reserve volume; IRV: inspiratory reserve volume; RV: residual volume; TLC: total lung capacity; FEVi: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; PCO2: partial pressure of CO2; Pip: intrapleural pressure 7.39 7.41 7.40 7.76 7.28 0Explanation / Answer
(A). Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the total volume of air which a person can inspire after a normal expiration.
Thus IC=TV+IRV
Where IC= inspiratory capacity
TV=tidal volume
IRV=inspiratory reserve volume
For Mike , TV=3500 ml
IRV= 575 ml.
Therefore, IC=3500+575=4075 ml
Similarly for Jenna, TV=325 ml
IRV=2400 ml
Therefore IC=325+2400=2725 ml
(B) Vital Capacity for Lily
Vital capacity is defined as the maximum amount of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration likewise it can also be defined as the maximum volume of air a person can breathe out after a forceful inspiration.
It includes the sum total of tidal volume, Inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume.
VC=TV+IRV+ERV
Thus VC for lily= 500+1500+3000=5000 ml
(C) Functional residual capacity for Richard and Beth
Functional residual capacity is defined as the volume of air which remains in the lungs after a normal expiration.
Therefore FRC=RV+ERV
Where RV= residual volume
For Richard:
RV=1000 ml
ERV=1400 ml
FRC=1000+1400=2400 ml
For Beth
RV=500 ml
ERV=700 ml
FRC=500+700=1200 ml
(D) Calculation of the minute ventilation
Minute ventilation is defined as the amount of air breathed in per minute .
Thus minute ventilation=TV*respiration rate
For Mike; TV=3500 ml
Given breathing rate for mike is 25 per minute.
Thus minute ventilation=25*3500=87500 ml
The normal breathing rate for an average human being is about 14-18 breaths per minute. Thus assuming the value of tidal volume to be around 500 ml; the value of minute ventilation averages to be around 10500 ml
For Beth; TV=250 ml
Breathing rate= 15 .
Thus, minute ventilation=250*15=3750 ml
(E) Alveolar ventilation rate calculation for lily and jenna
Alveolar ventilation rate is defined as the volume of air which is exhaled from the alveoli to the outside of the body per minute.
Calculation of alveolar ventilation rate assumes the formula;
Alveolar ventilation rate=( TV-dead space)* respiratory rate
For Lily
TV=500 ml
Dead space=175 ml(given)
Alveolar ventilation rate= (500-175)*12=3900 ml
For Jenna
TV=325 ml
Dead space=175 ml
Alveolar ventilation rate=(325-175)*14=2100 ml
(F) Mike- Pneumothorax ( it is characterizd by a sudden dip or fall in the breathing rates which when not treated can lead to death too)
Jenna-shortness of breathe
Lily- hypoventilation (decreased efficiency of gaseous exchange; marked by a high level of IRV)
Richard- asthma (athma is characterized by the shortness of breathe which results in forceful inspiration. Value of IRV suggests Richard is suffering from asthma)
Beth- lack of surfactant ( characterized by low breathing rates)
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