Ms. S.J., aged 48 years, has essential hypertension, diagnosed 4 years ago. She

Question

Ms. S.J., aged 48 years, has essential hypertension, diagnosed 4 years ago. She has not been taking her medications during the past 6 months because she has been feeling fine. Now she has a new job and has been too busy to enjoy her usual swimming and golf. She has decided to have a checkup because she is feeling tired and dyspneic and has had several bouts of dizziness, blurred vision, and epistaxis (nosebleeds) lately. On examination, her blood pressure is found to be 190/120, some rales are present in the lungs, and the retinas of her eyes show some sclerosis and several arteriolar ruptures. The physician orders rest and medication to lower the blood pressure, as well as an appointment with a nutritionist and urinary test to check kidney function. 1. Describe the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. 2. Explain the possible problems associated with the high diastolic pressure. 3. Explain the significance of the retinal changes. 4. The doctor suspects mild congestive heart failure. Explain how this can develop from hypertension. 5. Give two other possible signs of CHF. 6. List two medications that are helpful in treating hypertension and describe their actions.

Explanation / Answer

1.If the blood pressure remains elevated chronically and that has happened in the long term is called HYPERTENSION. The pathophysiology behind hypertension is, chronically raised blood pressure causes damage to the end organ and increased morbidity and mortality. The product of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance is blood pressure.

2. If systolic blood pressure is raised the patient is in risk of heart-related problems like chest pain, stroke as well which is caused by brain bleeds, on the other hand, the high diastolic blood pressure is linked to a greater risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm, an enlargement main artery of the body. At this condition, it can leak out and can burst anytime and cause life-threatening complications,

3. The changes associated with hypertension is Hypertensive Retinopathy which is nothing but the damage to the retina as well as the retinal circulation that happened due to high blood pressure (i.e. hypertension). The patient complains of blurred vision an headache, Changes present in hypertensive retinopathy is the result of damage as well as adaptive changes in the arterial and arteriolar circulation in response to the elevated blood pressure.

4. With high blood pressure, the heart pumps the blood with the great efforts heart works under increased pressure causes heart disorders. This includes heart failure while heart muscle thickening, disease associated with coronary artery , and other conditions.

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