Concepts in Endocrinology Through Studies on “Virtual Rats\" Objectives o becoim
ID: 3524144 • Letter: C
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Concepts in Endocrinology Through Studies on “Virtual Rats" Objectives o becoime familiar with the physiological effects of specific hormones to become familiar with the feedback mechanisms that control hormone secretion . To prac rice interpreting experimental data and drawing appropriate conclusions Background and Terminology Communication Systems in the Body. If cells in different organs and tissues are to work together to achieve a beneficial physiological change, their activities must be coordinated. The nervous system and the endocrine system are the two major coordinating or communicating systems in the body, and both use chemical messenger molecules for this purpose. The nervous system uses neurotransmitters to convey information while the endocrine system uses blood- borne hormones. The nervous system operates in a,manner similar to the telephone system. Like the telephone system, the nervous system send signals rapidly and directly from one location to another over a well defined network of connecting units (neurons with axons in the case of the nervous system, wires in the case of the telephone system). Hormones, on the other hand, are transmitted like radio waves. Radio waves are broadcast to a wide area and reach every home in the vicinity of the transmitter. However, only those homes that have radios can receive the messages. In the same way, hormones are secreted into the blood and therefore get distributed to virtually every cell in the body, but only those cells that have receptors for the hormone will "receive" and respond to the hormonal "message". Because they are transmitted by the blood, hormonal signals are transmitted more slowly than neural signals, but they often have longer lasting effects. Neural Control of Hormone Secretion. The hypothalamus is the command center for many hormones. The hypo orytocin and antidiuretic bormone (ADH). The axons from these neurons travel down the pituitary stalk to the posterior pituitary gland. When their contents hypothalamus also contains neurons stimulated, their hormones are released from axon terminals into special blood vessels that make up the thalamus sits at the base of the brain and contains neurons that produce these neurons are stimulated, they release (either oxytocin or ADH) from the axon terminals into the blood. The that produce releasing hormoñes. When these neurons are hypophyseal portal system. These vessels carry the releasing hormones down the tuitary stalk to the anterior pituitary gland, where they stimulate the synthesis and secretion of pi anterior pituitary hormiones. The anterior pituitary hormones are then released into the blood to influence their own specific target organs. By way of example, thyrotropin releasing hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of thyroid stimulating CTSHD; also kiown as thyrotropin) from the anterior pituitary, In turn, TSH travels by ood to the thyroid gland to stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormones. Figure 1 shows the pituitary hormones and their major target organs. It is important to target organs, such as the testes, ovaries, adrenal gland and thyroid when stimulated by the appropriate anterior pituitary hormone. tionship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, It.also lists several anterior many of these gland, also secrete hormonesExplanation / Answer
Answers
Answer 1)
A) Releasing hormones are produced in hypothalamus.
B) The function of releasing hormones is to stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones.
Answer 2) Pituiary hormones are stimulated by releasing hormones, and pituitary hormones inturn stimulate the hormone secretion in the target organs. "
A) The target hormones involved are :
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Answer 3)
A)
B) The hormones regulates its own secretion by detecting its blood concentration. If the concentration of hormone in blood drops, more stimulating hormone is released to bring the concentarion back to normal.
If the concentration is high, it inhibits the secretion of stimulating hormone, inturn the gland stops releasing the hormone and concetration is decreased.
Answer 4)
When the concentration of releasing hormone is increased (ACTH or TSH) the release of other hormones (thyroxine, corticosteroids and epinephrine) is increased.
When the concentration of releasing hormone is decreased (ACTH or TSH) the release of other hormones (thyroxine, corticosteroids and epinephrine) is decreased.
When the concentration of hormones from target glands ( Thyroxine, corticosteroids and epinephrine ) is increased, the secretion of its releasing hormones is decreased.
When the concentration of hormones from target glands ( Thyroxine, corticosteroids and epinephrine ) is decreased, the secretion of its releasing hormones is increased.
Answer 5) Physiological changes according to concentration.
Answer 6)
(+) symbol indicates Positive feedback mechanism and (-) symbol indicates Negative feedback mechanism.
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