2)a)Synthetic EPO (initially used to help treat various anemic diseases, but mor

Question

2)a)Synthetic EPO (initially used to help treat various anemic diseases, but more popularly known as a blood doping agent used in sport) was taken. Concentrations of this showed up in the non – blood lumen. How does it then reach the blood? (Synthetic EPO is a large hydrophilic molecule). Please draw or explain the mechanism (provided information about EPO is sufficient to answer the question)

b) If K+ ECF concentration increased to be more than ICF concentration, how would this change your story for how Na+ is absorbed?

c)Does Ek change, if so how, if not why?

d)If this cell were electrically active, would the change in K+ concentration have any influence on it’s ability to depolarize, if yes, how, if not, why.

e)Does this change affect the relation of Vm rest to threshold and the ability of the cell to depolarize? f)In this new state of increased K+ concentration in the ECF, a chemical from the anterior pituitary is released, what type of cell signaling molecule is this?

Explanation / Answer

A)The practice of boosting of number of red blood cells in the blood stream to enhance athletic performance because such blood cells pass from lungs to muscles ,a higher concentration in the blood can improve aerobic capacity and endurance.

Factors: max.heart rate and stroke volume,HB concentration and blood volume, oxygen affinity, max.cardiac output,max.oxygen extraction, HB mass all directions increases which further increase aerobic capacity.

B)potassium undergo cellular buffering: potassium is major intercellular ion and when gets accumulated in ECF, cellK uptake can be impaired in the absence of aldosterone and insulin or catrcholamines.by this potassium gets distributed .

When osmolarity increase, it means potassium exists in ECF in large amount,where the cell undergoes metabolic acidosis, production of protons in exchange with greater potassium levels.when the cell die ,they release their high k content into the cell.

D)k gets activated only in state of hyper polarisation.

E)if the level of depolarization is less than threshold level,the membrane potential will normally drop back to resting levels without further consequences.when the depolarization is just equal to or above threshold, action potential is initiated named as all or none phenomenon.

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