Here is Few Essay I need help with,, answer with the best you can and link or so

Question

Here is Few Essay I need help with,, answer with the best you can and link or sources provided will be great also.

1. Give two examples of how a social pressure or need led to the development of a new information technology. Give two examples of how the adoption of a new information technology changed society.

2. Why is freedom of expression not an absolute right? Give practical examples to illustrate your argument.

3. Decide if you agree or disagree with the following statement: “If everyone were moral, there would be no need for ethics.†Explain why you believe the statement is true or false.

4. What characteristics of the Internet make censorship of the Internet particularly difficult?

5. What are the ways that an individual or firm may protect intellectual property in the United States? Briefly describe the uses for each kind of intellectual property protection.

Explanation / Answer

1.)

The word technology refers to the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include construction technology, medical technology, and information technology.
Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.

2)

When debating freedom of expression, advocates of censorship usually claim that freedom of expression is not an absolute right but has to be balanced against other rights, such as a right not to be offended . Frequently the argument for censorship is based on an extreme example where few would disagree with an existing restriction: surely, the leader of a criminal gang should be punished for ordering gang members to carry out a murder. He may not have done the deed himself –by ordering the crime he is merely expressing something—but he is clearly guilty. Surely, perjury should remain illegal. On one level it is merely a verbal statement, an expression, while in practice it can pervert the cause of justice.Freedom of speech is a concept that defines a specific liberty or a specific way of exercising liberty. The two phrases in the preceding sentence look very similar, but their similarity conceals an important difference: the difference between positive and negative freedom.
Freedom can be defined as negative freedom: by this definition you are free to the extent that nobody interferes with what you are doing. This definition lies at the heart of classical liberalism and libertarianism: nobody should be interfered with so long as he doesn’t interfere with others’ freedom to act as they please.Where freedom of speech is seen as a positive freedom the question of whether or not it should be absolute does not arise. Under a paradigm of positive liberty there can be no absolute rights, since individual items in an expanding list of potentially contradictory entitlements can not simultaneously trump each other. This theoretical observation is re-enforced by its practical implementation: the large number of positive rights typically granted in a modern social democracy is by and large inconsistent. Freedom of association is inherently ad odds with anti-discrimination provisions just like freedom of speech is inherently in conflict with the legal protection of historical knowledge or religious sensitivities.
This need not mean that all social democrats take restrictions on freedom of expression lightly. Substantial leeway in political discussions may well be valued highly –if only for its value as an input in policy design and implementation. However, in such a framework, freedom of speech will exist as one among many intermediate policy objectives. It will be granted as a concession subject to satisfactory outcomes in other intermediate objectives and subject always to a general aim such as a more egalitarian society.From a classical liberal perspective there is only a general right to negative liberty and this right should be absolute so long as it is granted equally to others. As P.J. O’Rourke concisely put it:
“There is only one basic human right, the right to do as you damn well please. And with it comes the only basic human duty, the duty to take the consequences.
Freedom of expression then is one concrete manifestation of this general right, even though it has historically been set apart because of its practical importance.

3)

if you aren't willing for the ethical rule you claim to be following to be applied equally to everyone - including you - then that rule is not a valid moral rule. I can't claim that something is a valid moral rule and make an exception to it for myself and my family and friends.
So, for example, if I wonder whether I should break a promise, I can test whether this is right by asking myself whether I would want there to be a universal rule that says 'it's OK to break promises'.
Since I don't want there to be a rule that lets people break promises they make to me, I can conclude that it would be wrong for me to break the promise I have made.if the ethical rule you claim to be following cannot logically be made a universal rule, then it is not a valid moral rule.
So, for example, if I were thinking philosophically I might realise that a universal rule that 'it's OK to break promises in order to get one's own way', would mean that no-one would ever believe another person's promise and so all promises would lose their value. Since the existence of promises in society requires the acceptance of their value, the practice of promising would effectively cease to exist. It would no longer be possible to ‘break’ a promise, let alone get one’s own way by doing so.Moral rules must respect human beingsKant thought that all human beings should be treated as free and equal members of a shared moral community, and the second version of the categorical imperative reflects this by emphasising the importance of treating people properly. It also acknowledges the relevance of intention in morality.
4)

Internet censorship is the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the internet. It may be carried out by governments, private organizations at the behest of government, regulators, or on their own initiative. Individuals and organizations may engage in self-censorship for moral, religious, or business reasons, to conform to societal norms, due to intimidation, or out of fear of legal or other consequences.
Opinions on the topic of Internet censorship vary, with arguments being made both for and against censorship. Moreover, the extent of Internet censorship varies on a country-to-country basis. While some countries have little Internet censorship, other countries go as far as to limit the access of information such as news and suppress discussion among citizens. Internet censorship also occurs in response to or in anticipation of events such as elections, protests, and riots. An example is the increased censorship due to the events of the Arab Spring. Other areas of censorship includes copyrights, defamation, harassment, and obscene material.

5)

The term "intellectual property" refers to a loose cluster of legal doctrines that regulate the uses of different sorts of ideas and insignia. The law of copyright protects various “original forms of expression,†including novels, movies, musical compositions, and computer software programs. Patent law protects inventions and some kinds of discoveries. Trademark law protects words and symbols that identify for consumers the goods and services manufactured or supplied by particular persons or firms. Trade-secret law protects commercially valuable information (soft-drink formulas, confidential marketing strategies, etc.) that companies attempt to conceal from their competitors. The “right of publicity†protects celebrities’ interests in their images and identities.

The economic and cultural importance of this collection of rules is increasing rapidly. The fortunes of many businesses now depend heavily on intellectual-property rights. A growing percentage of the legal profession specializes in intellectual-property disputes. And lawmakers throughout the world are busily revising their intellectual-property law.The laws protecting intellectual property in the United States exist at both the state and federal levels. State laws cover a broad spectrum of intellectual property fields, from trade secrets to the right of publicity. The laws differ somewhat from state to state. At the federal level, the Constitution and legislation authorized under the Constitution deal exclusively with patents and copyrights, and partially with trademarks and related areas of unfair competition.

Intellectual property protection first became an important issue at an international level during trade and tariff negotiations in the nineteenth century, and has remained so ever since. One of the first international treaties relating to intellectual property in the broadest sense was the International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, or the Paris Convention. Written in 1883, the treaty created under the Paris Convention provided protection for such properties as patents, industrial models and designs, trademarks, and trade names. Over 100 countries have signed the Paris Convention treaty, and it has been modified several times. Two of the most important provisions of the treaty relate to the rights of national treatment and priority.

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