e. if a computer with the above configuration sends a packet to 10.10.20.20, exp
ID: 3833091 • Letter: E
Question
e. if a computer with the above configuration sends a packet to 10.10.20.20, explain the routes that the paket will have to reach the destination?
f. what will happen if the same computer sends a packet to 10.200.10.20 computer?
Route Table Interface List 0x1 MS TCP Loopback interface 0x2 .00 b0 do 25 bf 48 3Com 3C920 Integrated Fast Ethernet Controller 3C905C-TX Compatible Packet Scheduler Miniport Active Routes Netmask Gateway Interface Metric Network Destination 0.0.0.0 10.10.20.250 0.0.0.0 10.10.20.1 20 10.10.20.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.20.1 10.10.20.1 20 127.0.0.1 10.10.20.1 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 20 10.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 10.10.20.1 10.10.20.1 20 127.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 10.10.20.1 10.10.20.1 20 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 10.10.20.1 10.10.20.1 Default Gateway: 10.10.20.250 Persistent Routes NoneExplanation / Answer
the following information along with examples may be useful to solve the giveen questions:
Changing IP Addresses and Routes
This section introduces changing the IP address on an interface, changing the default gateway, and adding and removing a static route. With the knowledge of ifconfig and route output it's a small step to learn how to change IP configuration with these same tools.
Changing the IP on a machine
For a practical example, let's say that the branch office server, morgan, needs to visit the main office for some hardware maintenance. Since the services on the machine are not in use, it's a convenient time to fetch some software updates, after configuring the machine to join the LAN.
Once the machine is booted and connected to the Ethernet, it's ready for IP reconfiguration. In order to join an IP network, the following information is required. Refer to the network map and appendix to gather the required information below.
An unused IP address (Use 192.168.99.14.)
netmask (What's your guess?)
IP address of the default gateway (What's your guess?)
network address (What's your guess?)
The IP address of a name resolver. (Use the IP of the default gateway here. )
Example ifconfig and route output before the change
[root@morgan]# ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:80:C8:F8:4A:53
inet addr:192.168.98.82 Bcast:192.168.98.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
Interrupt:9 Base address:0x5000
[root@morgan]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.98.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
0.0.0.0 192.168.98.254 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
The process of readdressing for the new network involves three steps. It is clear in Example 1.5, “ifconfig and route output before the change”, that morgan is configured for a different network than the main office desktop network. First, the active interface must be brought down, then a new address must be configured on the interface and brought up, and finally a new default route must be added. If the networking configuration is correct and the process is successful, the machine should be able to connect to local and non-local destinations.
Example Bringing down a network interface with ifconfig
[root@morgan]# ifconfig eth0 down
This is a fast way to stop networking on a single-homed machine such as a server or workstation. On multi-homed hosts, other interfaces on the machine would be unaffected by this command. This method of bringing down an interface has some serious side effects, which should be understood. Here is a summary of the side effects of bringing down an interface.
Side effects of bringing down an interface with ifconfig
all IP addresses on the specified interface are deactivated and removed
any connections established to or from IPs on the specified interface are broken [7]
all routes to any destinations through the specified interface are removed from the routing tables
the link layer device is deactivated
The next step, bringing up the interface, requires the new networking configuration information. It's a good habit to check the interface after configuration to verify settings.
Example Bringing up an Ethernet interface with ifconfig
[root@morgan]# ifconfig eth0 192.168.99.14 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
[root@morgan]# ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:80:C8:F8:4A:53
inet addr:192.168.99.14 Bcast:192.168.99.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
Interrupt:9 Base address:0x5000
The second call to ifconfig allows verification of the IP addressing information. The currently configured IP address on eth0 is 192.168.99.14. Bringing up an interface also has a small set of side effects.
Side effects of bringing up an interface
the link layer device is activated
the requested IP address is assigned to the specified interface
all local, network, and broadcast routes implied by the IP configuration are added to the routing tables
Use ping to verify the reachability of other locally connected hosts or skip directly to setting the default gateway.
Setting the Default Route
It should come as no surprise to a close reader (hint), that the default route was removed at the execution of ifconfig eth0 down. The crucial final step is configuring the default route.
Example Adding a default route with route
[root@morgan]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.99.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
[root@morgan]# route add default gw 192.168.99.254
[root@morgan]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.99.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
0.0.0.0 192.168.99.254 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
The routing table on morgan should look exactly like the initial routing table on tristan. Compare the routing tables in Example 1.1, “Sample ifconfig output” and Example 1.8, “Adding a default route with route”.
These changes to the routing table on morgan will stay in effect until they are manually changed, the network is restarted, or the machine reboots. With knowledge of the addressing scheme of a network, and the use of ifconfig and route it's simple to readdress a machine on just about any Ethernet you can attach to. The benefits of familiarity with these commands extend to non-Ethernet IP networks as well, because these commands operate on the IP layer, independent of the link layer.
Adding and removing a static route
Now that morgan has joined the LAN at the main office and can reach the Internet, a static route to the branch office would be convenient for accessing resources on that network.
A static route is any route entered into a routing table which specifies at least a destination address and a gateway or device. Static routes are special instructions regarding the path a packet should take to reach a destination and are usually used to specify reachability of a destination through a router other than the default gateway.
As we saw above, in Section 1.2.3, “Static Routes to Networks”, a static route provides a specific route to a known destination. There are several pieces of information we need to know in order to be able to add a static route.
the address of the destination (192.168.98.0)
the netmask of the destination (255.255.255.0)
EITHER the IP address of the router through which the destination (192.168.99.1) is reachable
OR the name of the link layer device to which the destination is directly connected
Example Adding a static route with route
[root@morgan]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.99.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
0.0.0.0 192.168.99.254 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
[root@morgan]# route add -net 192.168.98.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.99.1
[root@morgan]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.99.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
192.168.98.0 192.168.99.1 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
0.0.0.0 192.168.99.254 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
Example “Adding a static route with route” shows how to add a static route to the 192.168.98.0/24 network. In order to test the reachability of the remote network, ping any machine on the 192.168.98.0/24 network. Routers are usually a good choice, since they rarely have packet filters and are usually alive.
Because a more specific route is always chosen over a less specific route, it is even possible to support host routes. These are routes for destinations which are single IP addresses. This can be accomplished with a manually added static route as below.
Example Removing a static network route and adding a static host route
[root@morgan]# route del -net 192.168.98.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.99.1
[root@morgan]# route add -net 192.168.98.42 netmask 255.255.255.255 gw 192.168.99.1
[root@morgan]# route add -host 192.168.98.42 gw 192.168.99.1
SIOCADDRT: File exists
[root@morgan]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.99.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
192.168.98.42 192.168.99.1 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eth0
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
0.0.0.0 192.168.99.254 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
This should serve as an illustration that there is no difference to the kernel in selecting a route between a host route and a network route with a host netmask. If this is a surprise or is at all confusing, review the use of netmasks in IP networking. Some collected links on general IP networking are available in Section I.1.3, “General IP Networking Resources”.
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