Which of the following would you characterize as most likely to be a malignant t

Question

Which of the following would you characterize as most likely to be a malignant tumor?

a. the tumor cells have large nuclei and the tumor boundary is well-defined

b. the tumor cells have irregularly shaped nuclei and the tumor boundary is poorly defined.

c. the tumor cells have small nuclei and the mitotic index is low

d. the tumor cells are well differentiated and the N/C ratio is low

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Which of the following statements about tumor grading and staging is true?

a. tumor grades are derived by comparing cancers of different types

b. higher grade cancers tend to have a poorer prognosis

c. tumor staging describes the microscopic characteristics of tumor cells

d. tumor grading is determined by whether cancer cells have spread to regional lymph nodes

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Which is true of 5-year survival rates?

a. they are calculated starting at the time of diagnosis

b. they are calculated from the time that a cancer reaches stage 1

c. they express the percentage of patients that have died within 5 years of metastasis

d. they tend to be lower for cancers that are detected early

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Much appreciated if you could give an explanation please :)

Explanation / Answer

question 1

Answere: B

Malignant tumor charactersticss are rapid increase in cell size, spread to the diatant tissue, do not differentiate (called anplasia), tendency to invade sorrounding tissue. Malignant tumor cells have increased nuclear size as compared to normal cells (with increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio--N/C ratio). Microscopically also there are lot of variations in nucleus and cell size of tumor cells and there is irregular chromatin distribution around the nucleus. Tumor has high mitiotic index and it is irregular.

These features are used to identify malignant tumor.

Question 2:

Answere: C

Tumor grade is the description of a tumor based on how abnormal the tumor cells and the tumor tissue look under a microscope. It is an indicator of how quickly a tumor is likely to grow and spread. If the cells of the tumor and the organization of the tumor’s tissue are close to those of normal cells and tissue, the tumor is called “well-differentiated.” These tumors tend to grow and spread at a slower rate than tumors that are “undifferentiated” or “poorly differentiated,” which have abnormal-looking cells and may lack normal tissue structures.It differ from cancer staging as staging refers to to the size and/or extent (reach) of the original (primary) tumor and whether or not cancer cells have spread in the body. Cancer stage is based on factors such as the location of the primary tumor, tumor size, regional lymph node involvement (the spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes), and the number of tumors present.

Question 3

Answere: A

The five-year survival rate is a type of survival rate for estimating the prognosis of a particular disease, normally calculated from the point of diagnosis, Survival statistics can help estimate a patient’s prognosis (chance of recovery) and determine the treatment options. They are different based on the type of cancer, the stage, a patient’s age, and length of time after diagnosis.

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