Gerallynn J ouab h d.cuny. Bb Week #1; 01-Sep-2015 Blackboard I John y C Google
ID: 55286 • Letter: G
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Gerallynn J ouab h d.cuny. Bb Week #1; 01-Sep-2015 Blackboard I John y C Google S bbhosted.cuny.edu 1/courses/JJC01 BIO 205 01 59 1/PossibleEssayQs-Bio205-Ex1-F15.pdl https:// complete sentences with coherent language that stands as a complete thought on its own. Be sure to state important reasoning that is not included in the question itself, rather than assuming the reader knows it Short-response (you will see 2 of these) 1.) Explain the setup and results of the famous "heterokaryon experimen of 1970 and what it taught us about cellular membranes. 2.) If all you know about a protein is its primary structure (amino acid sequence), how might you able to predict if it is a transmembrane protein or not? 3.) All cells are constantly pumping ions out of them. (Yes, some ions are pumped in, but the net movement of ions is outward.) lf this pumping stops, the cells quickly explode. Why? 4.) A key step in the activation of both Protein Kinase B and Protein Kinase C is a certain membrane phospholipid. Describe the steps from that molecule common to both pathways to the activation of PKB and PKC Long-response (you will see 1 or 2 of these) 5.) Detail the cellular evidence that all living cells are descended from a common ancestor Employ at least five independent lines of evidence. 6.) Describe the entire process of a hydrophobic hormone exerting its effect on a cell. 7.) A water-soluble hormone called "Lentsin-tensin" causes kidney tubule cells to activate an enzyme called "Bad-Molecule-Pumper-Outer," aka BMPO9. BMPO9 is always there, waiting in the cytosol to be activated. All it needs to become active is an increase in calcium in the cytosol. Describe (in complete sentences) the signal transduction pathway that could mediate the activation of BMPO9 by Lents-tensin.Explanation / Answer
1) Setup and results of heterokaryon experiment:
Frye and Edidin performed this experiment in 1970. They formed cell hybrids also known as heterokaryons by fusing mouse and human cells together. Each type of cell possessed different surface antigens (molecules) which helped deifferentiating among the two. Fluorescent molecules were then attached to antibodies so that the location of antibodies could be tracked in the cell. For fluorescence one color was for antibodies that bind to mouse cells while other color was for antibodies that bind human cells. Since antibodies would attach to particular antigens therefore, fliuorescence also helped to know the location of antigens as well.
After fusion it was found that antigens were found in only half of the cell. The presence of particular fluorescent color indicated which antigens were present. The experiment was visualized as half the cell containing human antigens while other half contained mouse antigens, However, as time proceeded (about 40 minutes at 37oC) the antigens from mouse half spread out across the whole cell and the human cell also spread in the same way. Finally, at the surface of heterokaryon a mosaic of mouse and human cells was seen.
It was concluded that antigens in the membrane moved.
The experiment taught us that the cell membrane is fluid and the parts were not fixed in place but rather moved around.
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