Complete Question Text: 1. A patient comes to a doctor complaining of muscle cra

Question

Complete Question Text:

1. A patient comes to a doctor complaining of muscle cramping. As part of her examination, the doctor notes that the patient has a slow pulse. Additionally, in the past year the patient has broken her hand and her arm in seemingly minor falls. What variable do you predict the patient is having trouble regulating?

Fat
K+
ATP
Ca2+

2. Allen's rule is a biological rule that states that the limbs of warm blooded animals that live in colder climates are different than the limbs of the same species of animals in warmer climates. In what way do you expect them to be different and why?

Shorter because a low surface area to volume ratio is best for maintaining heat
Longer because a high surface area to volume ratio is best for maintaining heat. ????
Longer because a low surface area to volume ratio is best for maintaining heat
Shorter because a high surface area to volume ratio is best for maintaining heat.

3. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme. It is made in an inactive form, pepsinogen, which is activated by the acidity of the stomach to self-cleave (cut itself) into a formed called the cleaved molecule. This cleaved molecule is active pepsin, which goes on to cleave more pepsinogen molecules, leading to a cascade of rapid pepsin activation (and many more active pepsin molecules). This pathway is an example of:

a feedforward regulation
a positive feedback loop
a negative feedback loop
conditioning

4. The human body's arterial blood pH is tightly maintained around 7.4 by buffering agents that bind hydrogen ions to stop any change in pH. If an acid-base imbalance overcomes the buffer system, the body changes the ventilation rate, or the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lungs. Changing the ventilation rate changes the concentration of CO2 in the blood, which alters the pH of the blood. In this case, the muscles that control the ventilation rate are acting as the:

homeostatic challenge
sensor
effector
integrator

5. The human body's arterial blood pH is tightly maintained around 7.4 by buffering agents that bind hydrogen ions to stop any change in pH. If an acid-base imbalance overcomes the buffer system, the body changes the ventilation rate, or the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lungs. Changing the ventilation rate changes the concentration of CO2 in the blood, which alters the pH of the blood. In this case, pH 7.4 is the:

homeostatic challenge
sensor
effector
set point

6. What is the equivalent of the mammalian mouth and nose in the respiratory system of insects?

alveoli
spiracles
tracheoles
epithelial tissue

7. For cells to maintain an appropriate solute concentration, _____ will occur; for cells to maintain an appropriate water concentration, _____ will occur.

diffusion, osmosis
osmosis, diffusion
diffusion, facilitated diffusion
diffusion, active transport

8. A marine fish with a cold body temperature that matches its cold surroundings is an example of

negative feedback
regulating
conforming
homeostasis

9 Fiddler crabs are small crabs that inhabit intertidal areas. When the tide comes in, the salinity rises to 35ppt and when the tide leaves, the salinity falls to 5ppt. Fiddler crabs can maintain their internal salinity at 32ppt when the external environment ranges from 20-40ppt, but cannot regulate at levels higher or lower than this. The range of 20-40ppt is the ____________________ for these animals.

zone of conforming
zone of stability
osmoregulator conforming capacity
positive feedback effector range

10. Imagine you are entering a darkened cavern. You are excited, but also a little nervous. Your heart rate quickens, your blood pressure rises slightly, and your digestive system activity decreases as blood is diverted to your muscles—all changes that prepare you should you need to move rapidly. This type of change is an example of:

positive feedback control
negative feedback control
a failure of homeostasis
feedforward regulation

Explanation / Answer

1. Ca2+

Calcium is essential for muscle contraction and is also an important element in bone structure. Decreased calcium levels cause weak pulse.

Osteoporosis is a bone degenerative disorder, in which desorption of bone is not keep in pace with bone resorption; consequently, the bone density decreases and bones become more fragile. The risk factors of osteoporosis are given below.

1). Estrogens control the bone health and protein anabolism. Depletion of estrogens in post menopausal women decreases the bone density and thus, put them at the risk of developing bone disorders such as osteoporosis.

2). The formation and functioning of osseous tissue need the presence of certain minerals mainly calcium and phosphorus. Calcium and phosphorus minerals are commonly found deficient in osteoporosis patients.

3). Inadequate levels of vitamin D reduce the calcium absorption, and increase the risk of osteoporosis.

4). Foods rich in phytate, oxalates, and tannins decrease the bioavailability of calcium and thus, increase the risk of osteoporosis.

Q2). Longer because a high surface area to volume ratio is best for maintaining heat.

Q3. a positive feedback loop

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