Transport Layer Question Set 1. Explain the difference between connection-orient

Question

Transport Layer Question Set

1. Explain the difference between connection-oriented and connection-less network protocols.

2. Cite an example of a connection-oriented protocol and a connection-less protocol commonly used today.

3. Explain TCP sliding windows.

4. Define buffering.

5. List the 6 jobs of the Transport Layer.

6. What is multiplexing and why is it necessary in computer networking?

7. Explain the difference between multiplexing and segmentation.

8. What is a port?

9. What is a socket?

10. Explain the difference(s) between well-know ports and ephemeral ports.

Explanation / Answer

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Following is the answer:

1. Explain the difference between connection-oriented and connection-less network protocols.

Answer:In connection oriented service we have to establish a connection before starting the communication. When connection is established we send the message or the information and then we release the connection.

TCP (Transmission control protocol) is connection oriented protocol.

In connectionless the data is transferred in one direction from source to destination without checking that destination is still there or not or if it prepared to accept the message. Authentication is not needed in this. Example of Connectionless service is UDP (User Datagram Protocol) protocol.

2. Cite an example of a connection-oriented protocol and a connection-less protocol commonly used today.

Answer:

Connection oriented protocol: TCP

Connection less protocol:UDP (User Datagram Protocol) .

3. Explain TCP sliding windows.

Answer:

A sliding window protocol is a feature of packet-based data transmission protocols. Sliding window protocols are used where reliable in-order delivery of packets is required, such as in the Data Link Layer (OSI model) as well as in the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

4. Define buffering.

Answer:Each node on a network is capable of receiving messages at a certain rate. That rate is determined by the computing capacity of its computer and other factors. Each node also has a certain amount of processor memory available for buffers. The Transport Layer is responsible for ensuring that sufficient buffers are available in the receiving node and that data are not transmitted at a rate that exceeds the rate at which the receiving node can accept them.

5. List the 6 jobs of the Transport Layer.

Answer:

Flow control

6. What is multiplexing and why is it necessary in computer networking?

Answer:

Multiplexing:One basic function of the transport layer is multiplexing and demultiplexing. Usually there are multiple application processes running on one host. For example, a computer may be sending several files generated by filling in web forms, while at the same time sending emails. The network layer only cares about sending a stream of data out of the computer. Therefore, the transport layer needs to aggregate data from different applications into a single stream before passing it to the network layer. This is called multiplexing.

7. Explain the difference between multiplexing and segmentation.

Answer:

Segmentation is the division of packets across the network for example from Location A to location B , and multi plexing is the interleaving of pieces when transversing trough different media

8. What is a port?

Answer:

Ports:Each process that wants to communicate with another process identifies itself to the TCP/IP protocol suite by one or more ports. A port is a 16-bit number, used by the host-to-host protocol to identify to which higher level protocol or application program (process) it must deliver incoming messages. There are two types of port:
Well-known: Well-known ports belong to standard servers, for example,
Telnet uses port 23. Well-known port numbers range between 1 and 1023 .The well-known ports are controlled and assigned by the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) and on most systems can only be used by system processes or by programs executed by privileged users. The reason for well-known ports is to allow clients to be able to find servers without configuration information

Ephemeral ports:Ephemeral: Clients do not need well-known port numbers because they initiate communication with servers and the port number they are using is contained in the UDP datagrams sent to the server. Each client process is allocated a port number for as long as it needs it by the host it is running on. Ephemeral port numbers have values greater than 1023, normally in the range 1024 to 65535

9. What is a socket?

Answer :

Socket addressing consists of IP address & port number for process to process communication.

10. Explain the difference(s) between well-know ports and ephemeral ports.

Answer:

Well-known: Well-known ports belong to standard servers, for example,
Telnet uses port 23. Well-known port numbers range between 1 and 1023 .The well-known ports are controlled and assigned by the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) and on most systems can only be used by system processes or by programs executed by privileged users. The reason for well-known ports is to allow clients to be able to find servers without configuration information
Ephemeral ports:Ephemeral: Clients do not need well-known port numbers because they initiate communication with servers and the port number they are using is contained in the UDP datagrams sent to the server. Each client process is allocated a port number for as long as it needs it by the host it is running on. Ephemeral port numbers have values greater than 1023, normally in the range 1024 to 65535.

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