Electrically excitable membrane is associated with one of the following Postsyna

Question

Electrically excitable membrane is associated with one of the following Postsynaptic depolarizations can be either excitatory referred to as excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) or an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). When postsynaptic receptors allow Cl- ions to enter the cell or K^+ ions to leave the cell, it will result in? Which of the following is not correlated with the cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease? Which of the following may be linked to the behavioural disturbances in Alzheimer's disease such as depression, rather than cognitive dysfunction? Neurons communicate with one another via? How do neurons communicate? The fundamental process that triggers synaptic transmission is What do you understand by synaptic transmission? Each cycle of action potential has phases, name them and describe the electrical and biophysical processes at these phases: The generation of an action potential is determined by two ions: what are they and how? What do you understand by Ionotropic and Metabotropic receptors The four main functions of glial cells are to:? Explain

Explanation / Answer

1.

(a) neuron

2.

(b) IPSP

3.

(d) loss of dopaminergic nerves   

4.

(c) loss of cholinergic function

5.

(c) synapses

6.

Each mammalian neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. The cell body contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon extends from the cell body and often gives rise to many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals. Dendrites extend from the neuron cell body and receive messages from other neurons. Synapses are the contact points where one neuron communicates with another. The dendrites are covered with synapses formed by the ends of axons from other neurons.

Neurons communicate through an electrochemical process. Sensory receptors interact with stimuli such as light, sound, temperature, and pain which is transformed into a code that is carried to the brain by a chain of neurons. Then systems of neurons in the brain interpret this information. The information is carried along axons and dendrites because of changes in electrical properties which we call action potential. An action potential is initiated when a messenger attaches itself to a receptor. When that occurs, an electrical signal is triggered to be generated through the neuron. Once the signal reaches the end of an axon, which is at the end of a neuron, a neurotransmitter is released and the process repeats.

7.

Action potential

8.

Synaptic transmission is the process whereby one neuron (nerve cell) communicates with other neurons or effectors , such as a muscle cell, at a synapse.

The sequence of events that lead to postsynaptic changes is as follows:

9.

The action potential is a rapid change in polarity that moves along the nerve fiber from neuron to neuron.

The action potential has several stages.

10.

Sodium and Potassium ions

for more information follow answer for question 9 (as written above)

11.

Ionotropic receptors are transmembrane molecules that can “open” or “close” a channel that would allow smaller particles to travel in and out of the cell. As the name implies, ionotropic receptors allow different kinds of ions to travel in and out of the cell. Ionotropic receptors are not opened (or closed) all the time. They are generally closed until another small molecule (called a ligand, a neurotransmitter) binds to the receptor. As soon as the ligand binds to the receptor, the receptor changes conformation (the protein that makes up the channel changes shape), and as they do so they create a small opening that is big enough for ions to travel through. The ions that can travel through ionotropic receptors are generally limited to K+, Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+.

Metabotropic receptors do not have a “channel” that opens or closes. Instead, they are linked to another small chemical called a “G-protein.” As soon as a ligand binds the metabotropic receptor, the receptor “activates” the G-Protein. Once activated, the G-protein itself goes on and activates another molecule. This new molecule is called a “secondary messenger.” In some cases, the secondary messenger travel until it binds to and opens ion channels located somewhere else on the membrane. In some cases, the secondary messenger will go and activate other intermediate molecules inside the cell. Glutamate receptors are one such example of metabotropic receptors.

12.

The four main functions of glial cells are: to surround neurons and hold them in place, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, to insulate one neuron from another, and to destroy and remove the carcasses of dead neurons (clean up).

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