Section 1: Multiple choice questions (20 points) 1) In a typical mammalian hippo
ID: 73438 • Letter: S
Question
Section 1: Multiple choice questions (20 points)
1) In a typical mammalian hippocampus at resting membrane potential, the following molecule(s) is/are bound to the NMDA receptor:
A. Glycine
B. GABA
C. Mg2+
D. Ca2+
E. A and C
2) Sensorimotor integration
A. Humans have 8 thoracic spinal segments
B. Somatosensory information crosses to the opposite side of the spinal cord at the level of the medial lemniscus
C. All somatosensory systems are relayed to the thalamus
D. None of the above
3) Sensorimotor integration
A. Syndactyly can be corrected via surgery
B. Phantom limb sensations are due to the rearrangement of cortical inputs
C. The cortical receptive field of a finger can be increased by increasing the use of this finger
D. A, B, C
E. A patient with a lesion to the left posterior parietal cortex will not be able to draw the left side of an object.
4) A subject with damage to the RIGHT posterior semi-circular canals (vestibular system)
A. Will show a normal vestibulo-ocular reflex if an examiner rapidly rotates the patient’s head while the subject fixates a point
B. The eye velocity will track the head velocity in the right anterior canals
C. The eye velocity will lag behind the head velocity in the right horizontal canals
D. The head velocity will lag behind the eye velocity in the right posterior canals
E. None of the above
5) In the brainstem and cerebellum, adaptive learning depends on
A. Purkinje neurons
B. Mossy Fibers
C. The parallel fibers of the granule cells
D. The inferior olivary nucleus
E. A, C and D
6) The vestibular nuclei:
A. Neurons in the superior and medial vestibular nuclei receive inputs predominantly from the semicircular canals
B. Neurons in the superior and medial vestibular nuclei receive inputs from the otolith organs
C. Neurons in the lateral and descending vestibular nuclei receive inputs predominantly from the otolith organs
D. A and B
E. All of the above
7) Diseases of the Nerve and Motor Unit
A. Myopathies affect distal limbs
B. Neurogenic disorders affect proximal limbs
C. Upper motor neuron are affected in the abnormal adult Babinski sign
D. ALS is an example of primary muscle disease
E. All of the above
8) Neuropathies
A. Can be caused by an attack from circulating antibodies
B. Do not have a genetic cause
C. Is not related to an abnormal myelin sheet
D. Can not be detected by measuring nerve conduction velocity
E. A and D
9) Disease of the neuromuscular junction
A. Myasthenia gravis is an example of neuromuscular junction disease
B. Action potentials do not reach threshold
C. Is associated with an abnormal synaptic cleft
D. Can be improved in humans and animal models with medication
E. All of the above
10) The lamprey
A. Is a simple animal preparation that can be used to study memory
B. Can be used to study the cellular mechanism underlying locomotion
C. Are parasites and prey on other fishes
D. B and C
E. A, B and C
11) The brainstem reticular formation of lampreys
A. Receives sensory information and activates spinal cord neurons to initiate swimming
B. Reticulospinal neurons only have synaptic properties, and no other properties
C. Reticulospinal neurons are not located in the brainstem
D. Reticulospinal neurons do not show sustained depolarization
E. A and C
12) The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR)
A. Is located in the pons (brainstem)
B. Sends information to (ie.,activates) the medial reticular formation
C. Contributes to the activation of spinal cord neurons
D. Modifies stepping (ie., walking, trot, gallop etc…)
E. All of the above
13) During locomotion
A. The activity of ipsilateral flexor and extensor motor neurons is synchronized
B. Spinal inhibitory interneurons control the rhythmic activity of flexor and extensor motor neurons
C. The activity of ipsilateral flexor and extensor muscles is synchronized
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
14) TRP channels
A. Are ions channels
B. Can respond to menthol
C. Can respond to capsaicin
D. Can be activated at room temperature (26 ºC)
E. All of the above
15) SA1 fibers
A. Receives information from the 3b region of the somatosensory cortex
B. Are located very deep into the skin tissue
C. Innervate Merkel cells
D. Encode vibration
E. Poorly register Braille symbols
16) Unmyelinated C fibers
A. Carry painful information to the brain
B. Can send information to the brainstem and thalamus via dorsal horn neurons
C. Show “wind up”
D. Can inhibit an inhibitory interneuron which is also activated by a A fiber
E. All of the above
17) The odorant receptor
A. Have 6 transmembrane domains
B. Is a G protein-coupled receptor
C. Activation leads to an increase in cGMP
D. Humans have more than 1000 odorant receptors
E. A and D
18) Gustatory system
A. Taste buds on the tongue are innervated by the peripheral fibers of the gustatory neurons
B. The gustatory information is relayed to the brainstem, in the nucleus of the solitary tract
C. From the solitary tract, the gustatory information goes directly to the cortex
D. A and B
E. None of the above
19) In the auditory nervous system
A. Depolarization of hair cells allow Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated calcium channels
B. Hair cell Ca2+ ions are pumped inside the cell
C. Potassium channels contribute to hair cell repolarization
D. A and C
E. None of the above
20) In the auditory nervous system
A. Sounds can be heard in the ear, coming from the human cochlea
B. Depolarization of the outer hair cell increases its length
C. The intrinsic electrical properties between stellate and bushy cells are identical
D. The location of sounds is never falsely interpreted by the brain
E. Cochlear nerve fibers encoding high frequencies project ventrally to the cochlear nucleus
21) A complete lesion of the right optic nerve
A. Leads to the total loss of vision in the left eye
B. Leads to poor object identification
C. Leads to the total loss of vision in the right eye
D. Leads to complete blindness in both eyes.
E. All of the above
22) Noceptive fibers.
A. A send painful information to Layer I on the spinal cord
B. C fibers are big myelinated pain fibers that project to Layer II
C. A fibers project to superficial and deep spinal layers
D. A and C
E. B and C
23) Bodily senses
A. Receptive fields are bigger at our fingertips than at other parts of our body
B. Pain and touch share the same ascending pathway to reach the cortex
C. Photoreceptor activation is associated with changes in cAMP
D. None of the above
E. All of the above
24) Cortical areas
A. Phineas Gage showed emotional and attention problems because of a lesion in the inferotemporal cortex
B. Encode vibration
C. Santiago Ramón y Cajal was one of the first neuroscientist to describe the prefrontal cortex
D. The parietal association cortex is essential for sensory guidance of motor behaviors and spatial awareness
E. The ventral stream/pathway of the visual system is important for spatial information
25) In the spinal cord
A. Lateral columns innervate skeletal muscles
B. Gracile fascile sends descending somatosensory information to the spinal cord
C. Ventral columns send ascending somatosensory information to the brainstem
D. Pain and touch information do not reach the thalamus and go directly to the cortex
E. None of the above
End of Section 1
Section 2 on following page
Section 2: Short answer questions (10 points)
Question 1. [3 pts] Describe one role of the posterior parietal cortex during locomotion. What will happen to a walking cat following bilateral lesion of the posterior parietal cortex? Describe the experiment that showed that.
Question 2. [3 pts] Describe the pathways (ie., brain structure, layer and cells) that the visual information use to reach to cortex (starting from the retina to the thalamus, to the visual cortex).
Question 3. [2 pts] Briefly explain what reorganization occurs in the sensory cortex during phantom limb sensations.
Question 4. [2 pts] Briefly explain how a painful sensation can be attenuated by a non-painful information (use the “gate-control theory” model).
Bonus questions (for those who want to increase their grade a little)
5 points each
Bonus question 1. [5 pts] In a patch clamp experiment, if the clamped cell in held at a potential of -70mV and presynaptic fibers are stimulated to generate an excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) in that cell, what will be the direction of: 1-the recorded EPSP (upward or downward)? 2- the recorded current (upward or downward)? The current will be inward or outward? And please explain WHY.
Bonus question 2. [5 pts] Under normal conditions, if a patched neuron is held a -70 mV, the INHIBITORY post synaptic potentials (IPSPs) are “invisible” because -70mV is the reversal potential of Chloride ions. Assuming that you are a skilled electrophysiologist, what can you do, experimentally, to make the IPSPs “visible”? (many answers are possible, just describe ONE possibility).
Explanation / Answer
1) In a typical mammalian hippocampus at resting membrane potential, the following molecule(s) is/are bound to the NMDA receptor:
The correct option is .................c. Mg2+
The hippocampus is the region of brain which is associated with short term memory in mammals. GABA and glycine gated Cl channels are found at many inhibitory synapses in the brain. Ion channel in the NMDA is blocked by the Mg2+ ion intracellularly at the resting membrane potential. A small depolarization results in dissociation of Mg2+ ion from the receptor and association of glutamate. NMDA receptors are activated by association with glutamate and by depolarization. The depolarization removes the Mg2+ blocking the channel. The natural neurotransmitter for NMDA is glutamate.
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