A) The contraction of muscles is affected by input from neurons that can send si

Question

A) The contraction of muscles is affected by input from neurons that can send signals that inhibit contraction. Describe what Certain toxins (For example, Botulinum and Tetanus toxins) block those inhibitory signals and can cause antagonistic pairs of muscles to continually contract at the same time. What do you think would be the overall effect of widespread exposure to this toxin? Why?

B) Exposure to tetanus is actually quite common. How does the medical industry prevent people from winding up with infections that can cause the symptoms described in part A?

Explanation / Answer

Que-1

Answer:

The botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin that potentially inhibits release of acetylcholine from nerve endings and leading to drooping eyelid and slurred speech. This toxin can block those inhibitory signals and can cause antagonistic pairs of muscles to continually contract at the same time. Botulinum toxin & teatnus toxin (released from Clostridium tetani) is going to act on the contraction of smooth muscles as these are affected by input from cholinergic neurons that can send signals that inhibit contraction so that acute episodes of "gastrointestinal illness". This infection is mainly due to food borne illness caused by "clostridium botulinum" bacterial species. It has observed clear symptoms of disease characterized by nausea, blurred vision, bronchoconstriction due to stiffen throat & neck, diarrhea and abdominal pain

These toxins often cause "selective muscle denervation" or selective muscle paralysis. Botox is a neurotoxin isolated from the clostridium botulinum bacteria (can cause food poisoning). This toxin acts by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine neurotransmission from the presynaptic vesicles, which prevents the muscle depolarization and contraction process.

The primary function of SNARE proteins is to allow the fusion of vesicles with their target membranes. Likewise, they also facilitate the fusion of synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitter with the presynaptic membranes in neurons. Thus, inhibition of SNAREs inhibits the vesicle fusion and release of neurotransmitter. SNAREs are the targets of neurotoxins such as botulinum toxin and tetanus

Questi-2:

The tetanus toxin is produced by the Clostridium tetani caused due to food borne illness. The medical industries should advice people to stop consuming outdated confectionary products where normally this bcaterium putrefy food products into toxic "tetanus toxin"

Bacterial toxins are made of exotoxins, endotoxins (tetanus toxin, botulism toxin & cholera toxin) as these are composed of proteins, lipoppolysaccharides produced through cell wall to act on the host cell immune system Regular medical checks must be implemented at employee level, and quality checks must be performed at food production factories for these infections finally proper measures to be taken to prevent people from winding up with infections. The mdical staff should get adequate data from employees by asking them regarding any kind of incidence of signs and symptoms of this muscle tetany, fever, headache, nausea, and severe respiratory symptoms followed by blurred vision

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