I want the answer of these following questions asap........... my course is Path

Question

I want the answer of these following questions asap........... my course is Pathophysiology and the subject is Hormonal Disorders (Endocrine System):

7-Identify two tests of renal function including the normal values of each.

8-Identify the most common cause of kidney obstruction.

9-Explain the different types of kidney stones including which are most common and which are mostly found in the presence of bacteria or alkaline urine, etc.

10-Describe the clinical manifestations of kidney stones (renal calculi).

11-Explore the main complications of kidney stones such as stasis of urine, infection, and hydronephrosis.

12-Discuss lower urinary tract infections (cystitis) including signs and symptoms, most common bacteria, why women are more at risk to develop, etc.

13-Discuss pyelonephritis specifically noting the differences between pyelonephritis and cystitis.

14-Explore the disorder of glomerulonephritis identifying that it is the leading cause of renal failure in the US, category of hypersensitivity that involves antigen-antibody complexes, and the specific differences in nephritic and nephritic syndrome.

15-Discuss renal cell carcinoma including causes and most common manifestations.

16-Describe detailed differences in acute renal failure types (prerenal, postrenal, and intrinsic renal failure) noting causes and clinical manifestations.

17-Discuss the stages of chronic renal failure.

18-Discuss the clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure.

19-Identify dietary management of chronic renal failure.

20-Identify the muscle of micturation.

21-Describe the role the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatic nervous systems have in the control of bladder function.

22-Discuss the roles of the pontine micturation center and acetylcholine have on bladder function and urine control.

23-Identify the signs and symptoms of urine obstruction and retention.

24-Discuss bladder cancer including most common signs and symptoms and risk factors.

25-Describe the differences in stress, urge and overflow incontinence.

26-Explore the differences in spastic and flaccid bladder.

Explanation / Answer

7) The two tests of renal function with their normal values are,

BUN and creatinine levels provides a rough estimate of glomerular filteration rate.

8) The most common cause of renal obstruction is the presence of renal stones.

9) The different types of renal stones are mentioned below,

The most common type of stone is calcium oxalate. In bacterial infections, struvite stones are seen and in alkaline urine calcium phosphate crystals are seen.

10) The clinical manifestations of renal stones are,

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